Why can’t all countries make nukes?
為什麼不是所有國家都擁有核武器？
Today, there are only 9 countries with nuclear weapons. These are-
當今世界只有9個國家擁有核武器，它們是：
1.USA 美國
2.France 法國
3.UK 英國
4.Russia 俄羅斯
5.China 中國
6.India 印度
7.Pakistan 巴基斯坦
8.North Korea 北韓
9.Israel 以色列
Let us first see why these countries established a nuclear arsenal.
讓我們先看看為什麼這些國家建立了核武庫。
美國
Well, the first country to have nukes was USA. They used it to end World War 2.
They soon realized that nuclear weapons was something that gave one’s country tremendous power and influence.
Also, WW2 was the starting of the Cold War.
第一個擁有核武器的國家是美國。他們用它來結束了第二次世界大戰。
他們很快就意識到核武器能帶給一個國家巨大的力量和影響。
同時，二戰的結束也是冷戰的開始。
俄羅斯
The Soviet Union wanted nuclear weapons as well to be in competition with USA. So, they developed the most powerful bomb ever- The Tsar bomba. This was 3800 times more powerful than the Hiroshima nuclear bomb.
Soon, after the collapse of the Soviet Union all its nuclear weapons went to Russia. In fact even though countries like Ukraine and Kazakhstan had nuclear weapons they gave them to Russia and in return Russia signed an agreement to never violate their territory in the future.
蘇聯想要核武器，以便能與美國展開競爭，於是他們開發出了曾今最強大的「沙皇炸彈」。這是廣島核彈威力的3800倍。
不久，蘇聯解體，所有的核武器留給了俄羅斯。事實上，像烏克蘭和哈薩克這樣的國家也擁有核武器，但它們都將其交給了俄羅斯，作為回報，俄羅斯承諾永遠不會入侵它們的領土。
英國和法國
France and Britain also started to accumulate nuclear weapons after they won World War 2.
法國和英國在二戰以後也開始研究製造核武器。
印度和巴基斯坦
Around the 1970’s countries like India and Pakistan developed nuclear arsenals due to tensions between them. Proliferation continued through the 1980’s and especially in the 1990’s.
在19世紀70年代，印度和巴基斯坦由於他們之間的緊張局勢，也開始製造核武器，在80年代繼續擴充，90年代更甚。
中國
Meanwhile China got started on its own nuclear weapons due to the aggression it faced from the West. At this time India and Russia were stronger allies and Pakistan was more of a mediator. Now things have changed.
與此同時，中國由於面臨西方的侵略，也開始研製核武器。那時，印度和俄羅斯是其強大的盟友，而巴基斯坦則充當調停者的角色。不過現在都變了。
Around the start of this millennia North Korea also started to accumulate a nuclear arsenal. Now it’s mostly just for the heck of it so they are mostly an exception. They have fewer than 10 warheads which don』t really provide as much security.
從本世紀初開始，北韓也開始製造核武器。不過例外的是，這對其來說就是一個地獄。儘管它們有不到10枚核彈投，但這並不能為它們提供足夠多的安全感。
At the time, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation treaty was being signed. South Africa was the only country which decided to dismantle its nuclear arsenal because it wanted peace.
當時，核不擴散條約正在簽署。南非是唯一決定拆除核武庫的國家，因為它希望世界和平。
There were rumors that Iran intended to make nukes, however recently the JCPOA was signed which prohibits Iran from making nukes for the next 15 years.
有傳聞說伊朗也在試圖製造核武器，但是最近簽署的「聯合綜合行動計劃」禁止伊朗在接下來的15年里製造核武器。
Israel also has nukes. They are expected to range in between 100- 500 for most rough estimates, however, there has never been an official report. They have neither denied nor confirmed the existence of their nukes. It’s a sort of the thing where nobody really talks about it but everybody knows they have it. However, the primary purpose behind their arsenals is to deter countries they face aggression from (like Iran).
以色列也有核武器。粗略估計其核彈數量在100-500枚之間，但從來沒有官方的報告。它們既不否認，也不確認它們擁有核武器。所有人都知道它們擁核，但並沒有人談論它們。然而，它們核武庫的首要目的是為了抵禦敵對國家的侵略（比如伊朗）。
Now we see that all countries who have nukes today got them for the same reason- they all faced aggression or a threat from a hostile nation.
現在我們看到，所有擁有核武器的國家都有同樣的理由–他們都面臨著來自敵對國家的侵略或威脅。
In fact all countries who maintain their arsenals today, also maintain it for the same reason- Mutually Assured Destruction.
事實上，所有維護他們的核武庫的國家，也都保持著同樣的理由–確保相互毀滅。
It is a doctrine of military strategy and national security policy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two or more opposing sides would cause the complete annihilation of both the attacker and the defender. It is based on the theory of deterrence, which holds that the threat of using strong weapons against the enemy prevents the enemy’s use of those same weapons.
這是一個軍事戰略和國家安全政策的原則，其中由兩個或兩個以上的敵對雙方全面使用核武器將導致攻擊者和防禦者的完全消滅。它是建立在威懾理論的基礎上的，它認為使用強大的武器對敵人的威脅，以阻止敵人使用相同的武器。
More importantly, the strength of one’s nuclear arsenal matters.
USA has around 7000 nuclear weapons. 7000 nukes is enough to destroy just about any country completely (say Russia). For this reason Russia wouldn』t want to attack USA as they know it would mean a suicide mission.
更重要的是，有個核武庫一家獨大。
美國擁有大約7000枚核武器。7000枚核彈足以摧毀任何一個國家（如俄羅斯）。出於這個原因，俄羅斯不想攻擊美國，因為他們知道這將意味著自殺任務。
On the other hand, China has about 300 nuclear weapons. This is enough for them as they don』t face an imminent military threat from any country (like USA or Russia).
另一方面，中國擁有大約300枚核武器。這對他們來說足夠了，因為他們不會面臨來自任何國家（如美國或俄羅斯）的迫在眉睫的軍事威脅。
It is not important for just any country to have a nuclear arsenal. Most don』t need it or can』t afford it.
However, it is vital for a country to have a nuclear arsenal if its adversaries do.
Hence, that’s by far the biggest reason most countries don』t accumulate a nuclear arsenal- they don』t need it.
對於任何國家來說，擁有核武庫都不重要。因為大多數不需要或負擔不起。
但如果它的對手擁核，那這個國家擁有核武庫是至關重要的。
因此，到目前為止，大多數國家不製造核武器的最大原因是他們不需要核武器。
Most are protected by bigger, more powerful allies and others don』t really have any enemies.
Apart from this, there is obviously the fact that not all countries can afford nuclear weapons in the first place which has been pointed out quite well by the rest of the answers.
大多數國家都是由更大，更強的國家來保護，其餘是因為它們沒有敵人。
除此之外，顯而易見的是，並非所有國家都能支付得起核武器，其餘的答案都很好地指出了這一點。
Yet there are still more reasons countries refrain from getting nuclear weapons.
One of these is international agreements. The NPT is a great example of this. Countries get benefits for giving up their arsenals. The NPT has just about every country as a party and it forbids nuclear weapons.
然而，各國仍有更多理由不製造核武器。
其中之一就是國際協議。《不擴散核武器條約》就是一個很好的例子。國家放棄他們的核武庫以獲得好處。《不擴散核武器條約》幾乎被每個國家的政黨所接受，它禁止核武器。
Another reason is international pressures. International pressure works pretty well too. Countries can condemn other countries for doing illegal nuclear weapons tests. When this escalates, economic sanctions and embargoes are put on which pressures the country to give up its arsenal because of the economic instability it faces. North Korea is a good example of this.
另一個原因是國際壓力。國際壓力也很有作用。各國可以譴責其他國家進行的非法核武器試驗。當這個升級後，經濟制裁和貿易禁運隨之而來，經濟不穩定會迫使這些國家放棄核武。北韓就是一個很好的例子。
Lastly, unilateral deals with other countries has been working well too. A good example of this is the Iran nuclear deal, where the P5+1 countries stopped Iran from getting a nuke and in return many sanctions and embargoes were removed which boosted Iran’s economy. Win-Win situation!
最後，多邊會談也卓有成效。伊朗核問題的解決就是一個很好地例子。六方會談使伊朗放棄擁核，作為回報，伊朗的經濟制裁和貿易禁運被解除，這促進了伊朗經濟的發展。雙贏局面！