時下最熱門的語言是JavaScript，Java和Python，但是編程語言的新陳代謝也在不斷發展著，新的優秀語言層出不窮，立足取代他們地位。有一首歌唱的好：”由來只有新人笑，有誰知道舊人哭”，對編程語言也是如此。那麽在2020的今天，誰是最有前途的語言呢？我們需要拉一個列表，一起說道說道。
Dart
class Complex {
double _r,_i;
Complex(this._r,this._i);
double get r => _r;
double get i => _i;
String toString() => “($r,$i)”;
Complex operator +(Complex other) => new Complex(r+other.r,i+other.i);
Complex operator *(Complex other) =>
new Complex(r*other.r-i*other.i,r*other.i+other.r*i);
double abs() => r*r+i*i;
}
void main() {
double start_x=-1.5;
double start_y=-1.0;
double step_x=0.03;
double step_y=0.1;
for(int y=0;y<20;y++) {
String line=””;
for(int x=0;x<70;x++) {
Complex c=new Complex(start_x+step_x*x,start_y+step_y*y);
Complex z=new Complex(0.0, 0.0);
for(int i=0;i<100;i++) {
z=z*(z)+c;
if(z.abs()>2) {
break;
}
}
line+=z.abs()>2 ? ” ” : “*”;
}
print(line);
}
}
Elixir
defmodule Mandelbrot do
def set do
xsize = 59
ysize = 21
minIm = -1.0
maxIm = 1.0
minRe = -2.0
maxRe = 1.0
stepX = (maxRe – minRe) / xsize
stepY = (maxIm – minIm) / ysize
Enum.each(0..ysize, fn y ->
im = minIm + stepY * y
Enum.map(0..xsize, fn x ->
re = minRe + stepX * x
62 – loop(0, re, im, re, im, re*re+im*im)
end) |> IO.puts
end)
end
defp loop(n, _, _, _, _, _) when n>=30, do: n
defp loop(n, _, _, _, _, v) when v>4.0, do: n-1
defp loop(n, re, im, zr, zi, _) do
a = zr * zr
b = zi * zi
loop(n+1, re, im, a-b+re, 2*zr*zi+im, a+b)
end
end
Mandelbrot.set
Golang
package main
import (
“fmt”
“image”
“image/color”
“image/draw”
“image/png”
“math/cmplx”
“os”
)
const (
maxEsc = 100
rMin = -2.
rMax = .5
iMin = -1.
iMax = 1.
width = 750
red = 230
green = 235
blue = 255
)
func mandelbrot(a complex128) float64 {
i := 0
for z := a; cmplx.Abs(z) < 2 && i < maxEsc; i++ {
z = z*z + a
}
return float64(maxEsc-i) / maxEsc
}
func main() {
scale := width / (rMax – rMin)
height := int(scale * (iMax – iMin))
bounds := image.Rect(0, 0, width, height)
b := image.NewNRGBA(bounds)
draw.Draw(b, bounds, image.NewUniform(color.Black), image.ZP, draw.Src)
for x := 0; x < width; x++ {
for y := 0; y < height; y++ {
fEsc := mandelbrot(complex(
float64(x)/scale+rMin,
float64(y)/scale+iMin))
b.Set(x, y, color.NRGBA{uint8(red * fEsc),
uint8(green * fEsc), uint8(blue * fEsc), 255})
}
}
f, err := os.Create(“mandelbrot.png”)
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
return
}
if err = png.Encode(f, b); err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
}
if err = f.Close(); err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
Julia
using Images
@inline function hsv2rgb(h, s, v)
const c = v * s
const x = c * (1 – abs(((h/60) % 2) – 1))
const m = v – c
const r,g,b =
if h < 60
(c, x, 0)
elseif h < 120
(x, c, 0)
elseif h < 180
(0, c, x)
elseif h < 240
(0, x, c)
elseif h < 300
(x, 0, c)
else
(c, 0, x)
end
(r + m), (b + m), (g + m)
end
function mandelbrot()
const w, h = 1000, 1000
const zoom = 0.5
const moveX = 0
const moveY = 0
const img = Array{RGB{Float64}}(h, w)
const maxIter = 30
for x in 1:w
for y in 1:h
i = maxIter
const c = Complex(
(2*x – w) / (w * zoom) + moveX,
(2*y – h) / (h * zoom) + moveY
)
z = c
while abs(z) < 2 && (i -= 1) > 0
z = z^2 + c
end
const r,g,b = hsv2rgb(i / maxIter * 360, 1, i / maxIter)
img[y,x] = RGB{Float64}(r, g, b)
end
end
save(“mandelbrot_set.png”, img)
end
mandelbrot()
Kotlin
Kotlin是優化版本的Java，作爲Java的取代者之一。谷歌已經在安卓開發中支持Kotlin。
import java.awt.Graphics
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage
import javax.swing.JFrame
class Mandelbrot: JFrame(“Mandelbrot Set”) {
companion object {
private const val MAX_ITER = 570
private const val ZOOM = 150.0
}
private val img: BufferedImage
init {
setBounds(100, 100, 800, 600)
isResizable = false
defaultCloseOperation = EXIT_ON_CLOSE
img = BufferedImage(width, height, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB)
for (y in 0 until height) {
for (x in 0 until width) {
var zx = 0.0
var zy = 0.0
val cX = (x – 400) / ZOOM
val cY = (y – 300) / ZOOM
var iter = MAX_ITER
while (zx * zx + zy * zy < 4.0 && iter > 0) {
val tmp = zx * zx – zy * zy + cX
zy = 2.0 * zx * zy + cY
zx = tmp
iter–
}
img.setRGB(x, y, iter or (iter shl 7))
}
}
}
override fun paint(g: Graphics) {
g.drawImage(img, 0, 0, this)
}
}
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
Mandelbrot().isVisible = true
}
Lua
Pharo
Rust
WebAssembly
優點：廣泛的浏覽器和語言支持。
缺點：生態體系尚未完善。
實例：