新加坡環境優美、城市幹淨，被譽爲“花園城市”。一塵不染的背後，離不開大大小小的“清潔運動”，其中50年前啓動的“保持新加坡清潔運動”影響最大。這場運動最具特色的地方，就是通過罰款來管控社會，促進城市的幹淨清潔。
新加坡：一塵不染的代價
作者：Tim McDonald
譯者：王津雨 & 邵海靈
校對：趙萌萌
策劃：鄒世昌
What did it take for this sovereign-city state to become Asia’s cleanest, greenest metropolis?
作爲亞洲最幹淨、最環保的大都市，這個城邦國家經曆了什麽？
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About 200 volunteers scoured the housing estate looking for rubbish in Khatib, a neighbourhood in northern Singapore. There were families with young children and volunteers from a local hospital. And a few, mostly senior, volunteers in matching shirts from the “North West Brisk Walking Club” were there too.
新加坡北部的卡迪社區裏，約200名志願者爲翻找垃圾而搜遍了整個住宅區，其中有帶小孩的家庭，有當地醫院的義工，還有一些“西北快走俱樂部”的志願者，他們身著同款襯衫，裏面很多是老年人。
scour/skaʊr/ v. To search very carefully and thoroughly through an area, a document etc （徹底地）搜尋，翻找，搜查
Some edged into the bushes to pick up a couple of cigarette butts. Others found the odd tissue abandoned on a tabletop. To be honest, this clean-up day seemed like something of a misnomer. It was clean already. None of the volunteers returned with bulging sacks of refuse.
有人鑽進灌木叢，就爲撿幾根煙蒂；有人發現人們在桌子上亂丟紙巾。老實說，把這天稱作“清掃日”似乎有點誇張，因爲社區已經很幹淨了，沒有一個志願者是帶著鼓鼓囊囊的垃圾袋回來的。
misnomer /,mɪs’nomɚ/ n. A wrong or unsuitable name錯誤的名字；不恰當的名稱
But that’s to be expected in Singapore. The country has long had an obsession with hygiene and cleanliness. And this month marks a big milestone: Founding father and first Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew kicked off the Keep Singapore Clean campaign 50 years ago this month.
但這在新加坡卻是常態。這個國家一直很注重衛生清潔。而本月是一個裏程碑式的時間點：50年前的這個月，被稱爲“新加坡國父”的首任總理李光耀啓動了“保持新加坡清潔運動”。
Cleanliness campaigns were already well-established by that time, but this one was different. It was the first time the government used fines as a method of social control. But Singapore’s economic advance seemed to short-circuit its initial success. By any measure, Singapore is clean. But not for the reasons you might think.
當時大大小小的清潔運動都很成熟了，但這個運動不同，這是新加坡政府首次使用罰款進行社會管控。該運動獲得了迅速的成功，但新加坡的經濟發展似乎讓這一成功偏離了運動的初衷。不管以什麽標准來衡量，新加坡都可以說是很幹淨的，但個中緣由未必是你以爲的那樣。
short-circuit /ʃɔrt ˈsɚkɪt/ v. If someone or something short-circuits a process or system, they avoid long or difficult parts of it and use a quicker, more direct method to achieve their aim. 繞過
Clean and Green
清潔與環保
If you’ve ever walked in the same direction as a rubbish truck as it idles up the street on its daily collection here in Singapore, you immediately understand why the city is cleaned so relentlessly. The dumpster perfume really slaps you in the face.
如果你跟一輛緩緩駛過的垃圾車走在同一個方向，就會明白爲什麽這座城市總是沒完沒了地在打掃————垃圾桶裏那撲面而來的味道，簡直就像狠狠打了你一耳光。
In cities with a cooler climate, it’s probably okay to go a little longer between household collections. But in the hot, humid tropics, it’s an urgent task. Lingeringhousehold and commercial waste can be downright dangerous.
在氣候較爲涼爽的城市，人們收生活垃圾還能稍微遲些。但在炎熱潮濕的熱帶地區，收垃圾就刻不容緩了。生活垃圾和商業垃圾一旦擱太久，就會特別危險。
lingering /’lɪŋgərɪŋ/ adj. continuing to exist for longer than usual or desirable拖延的，久纏不去的
“If you have littering like you see in other countries, it can breed rodents, flies, cockroaches. They are all carriers of bacteria and germs,” said Edward D’Silva, chairman of the Public Hygiene Council. Mosquitoes are an even bigger worry. You won’t get malaria here, but in a bad year, there’ll be tens of thousands of cases of dengue.
新加坡公共衛生理事會主席愛德華·德西爾瓦指出：“如果你像其他國家的人那樣亂丟垃圾，就會招來老鼠、蒼蠅和蟑螂，它們都攜帶著病菌。”蚊子更麻煩。新加坡沒有瘧疾，但要是哪一年運氣不好，就會有成千上萬人患上登革熱。
Clean and Green
清潔與綠色
When he introduced the Clean and Green policy, Lee Kuan Yew had loftier goals in mind. It was part of a larger push that included changes to public health laws, the relocation of street vendors into hawker centres, the development of proper sewage systems and disease control measures. At the same time, the population moved from Kampongs (Malay-style villages with wooden huts) into housing estates with better infrastructure.
李光耀在推行清潔與綠色政策時，心中懷有更加宏大的目標。這項政策只是他全面改革的一部分，其他措施包括修改公共衛生法、將路邊攤遷至小販中心、完善汙水處理系統與疾病管控措施等。同時，住在小村子（譯者注：Kampongs是指建有木屋的馬來西亞式村莊）的人搬到了基礎設施更好的住宅區。
hawker centres: 新加坡和馬來西亞的小販中心（又稱熟食中心），是由政府興建的室外開放式飲食集中地，售賣食品物美價廉、種類繁多，以東南亞熟食以及飲品爲主。
“We have built, we have progressed. But no other hallmark of success will be more distinctive than that of achieving our position as the cleanest and greenest city in South Asia,” he said in 1968.
“我們已進行了社會建設，也已取得了進步。但如果新加坡能成爲南亞最幹淨環保的城市，這將成爲我們最具特色的成功標志。”李光耀在1968年說道。
In addition to adverts, there were public education activities, lectures by health officials and spot checks by the government. There were also competitions which highlighted both the cleanest and the dirtiest offices, shops, factories, government buildings, schools and public vehicles.
除了宣傳，政府開展了抽查行動，衛生機構也舉辦了公共教育活動、組織了講座。此外還有比賽，重點評選出最幹淨和最髒亂的辦公室、商店、工廠、政府大樓、學校和公交車。
The campaign was followed by a plethora of others. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, there were campaigns that urged Singaporeans to keep toilets, factories and bus stops clean. The 1976 Use Your Hands campaign had students, parents, teachers, principals and civil servants cleaning up schools at the weekend. There were also numerous tree planting initiatives.
這一運動開始後，其他運動也像雨後春筍般出現了。在整個七十到八十年代，湧現了不少類似的運動，敦促新加坡人保持廁所、工廠和公交站的清潔。在1976年的“投入雙手”運動中，學生、家長、老師、校長和公務員要在周末打掃學校。此外，人們還種了很多樹。
The aim wasn’t just to make the city more pleasant. A cleaner city, Lee Kuan Yew reasoned, would create a stronger economy.
運動的目的不僅是爲了讓新加坡更加宜人。在李光耀看來，城市環境更加幹淨，經濟就能更加強勁。
“These standards will keep morale high, sickness rate low, and so create the necessary social conditions for higher economic growth in industry and in tourism. This will contribute to the public good, and in the end to everyone’s personal benefit,” he said.
他還表示：“設立這些標准會讓人民鬥志高昂，降低疾病發生率，從而創造必要的社會條件，讓工業和旅遊業經濟增長更加迅速。這場運動會改善公衆福利，最後每個人都可以受益。”
On all of these counts, Singapore has done well. Life expectancy has grown from 66 to 83 (which is third best globally). In 1967, tourist arrivals were a little over 200,000 compared to a just shy of 10 million for the first three quarters of 2018. Inward foreign direct investment ballooned from US$93m in 1970 to US$39bn in 2010. It’s now the fifth largest recipient of foreign direct investment, receiving $66bn in 2017.
在上述所有方面，新加坡都做得很不錯。人民的預期壽命從66歲增長到了83歲（達到了全球第三的水平）。1967年新加坡入境遊客人數只有20萬多一點，而到2018年，前三個季度的遊客人數就已接近1000萬了。外國直接投資也從1970年時的9300萬美元飙升到2010年時的390億美元。現在新加坡接受的外國直接投資額排名全球第五，在2017年就收到了660億美元。
Nobody claims it’s all down to a single anti-littering campaign. But the health benefits are understood. It makes sense that tourists would return to a clean destination. And clean streets send a signal to foreign executives that a city is capable and adheres to the rule of law. It’s difficult to say how much, but in some way, shape or form, this campaign mattered.
沒有人會說之所以能取得這些成就，是因爲發起了一場反對亂扔垃圾的運動。但健康衛生帶來的效益是有目共睹的。幹淨整潔的旅遊地會帶來更多回頭客，幹淨整潔的街道也在告訴外國公司高管：這座城市是法治城市，也能堅守法治。很難說清潔運動有多重要，但從某種程度上說，不管是規模還是形式，這場運動都意義重大。
As a rule, campaigns are not huge line items for departments or government budgets. Between 2010 and 2014, for example, Singapore’s National Environment Agency spent an average of $3m per year on anti-litter campaigns and outreach activities.
一般來說，社會運動在部門或政府預算中不會占很大比重。比如2010至2014年間，在反對亂扔垃圾運動和各種宣傳活動上，新加坡環境局平均每年的花費是300萬美元。
A Fine City
愛罰之城
Discount and souvenir stores in Singapore often carry T-shirts that read: “Singapore: A fine city” followed by a multitude of things for which you can get fined. As jokes go, it’s tired – Singaporeans are more likely to roll their eyes than laugh.
新加坡的折扣店和紀念品店經常會賣這種T恤，上面印著“新加坡：一座美麗的城市” （譯者注：fine也可表示罰款），這行字下面還印有很多漫畫，告訴你做什麽會被罰款。但玩笑開歸開，老被罰款還是挺讓人厭煩的——新加坡人就不覺得好笑，只會無奈地翻個白眼。
But it’s not wrong. Singapore has a habit of banning what it sees as undesirable behaviour and enforcing each ban with financial penalties. The 1968 Keep Singapore Clean campaign was the first to attempt to moderate citizens’ behaviour through fines. Since then, Singapore has adopted fines with gusto. Typically, the authorities issue tens of thousands of fines a year for littering. The minimum fine is SG$300 (US$217).
但這種說法並沒有錯。新加坡已經養成了習慣：只要覺得是不當行爲，就馬上禁止，而且還要課以罰款。1968年的“保持新加坡清潔運動”首次嘗試了通過罰款來規範公民行爲。從那以後，新加坡一直積極采取罰款措施。通常當局每年會對亂扔垃圾行爲處以數萬元的罰款，最低罰款標准爲300新幣（折合217美元）。
The push to make Singapore spotless started during Lee Kuan Yew’s time. He would intervene personally, sending notes to his ministers or bureaucrats when he saw something out of place. He believed that little things mattered, and worried that people would “take advantage of a slackening of the administrative grip on the situation” if smaller infractions were ignored.
在李光耀時代，政府就致力于把新加坡變得一塵不染了。要是哪裏秩序混亂，李光耀會親自出面幹預，對他的部長或官員做出提醒。他相信防微杜漸的道理，擔心如果對微小的違規行爲置之不理，人們就會“鑽行政管控放松的空子”。
There are laws on the books that have always seemed weirdly strict to foreigners. Singapore famously banned the import of chewing gum (it’s not illegal to merely possess it). There are fines for bringing durian (a pungent smelling tropical fruit) on the train and for not flushing a public toilet (mostly a moot point, given that most toilets flush automatically now).
成文的法律似乎對外國人總是異常嚴格。新加坡以禁止進口口香糖而聞名于世（單單持有口香糖並不違法）。地鐵上帶榴梿（一種有強烈刺激性氣味的熱帶水果）要罰款，上公廁不沖水也要罰款（這一條其實已經沒有實際意義了，因爲現在大部分廁所都是自動沖水的）。
on the books: Set down in writing or an audio or video recording 記錄在案的
There are also fines for spitting or for using someone else’s wifi without permission. In 2009, a taxi driver was fined for being naked in public view in his own home. Vaping e-cigarettes has already been banned.
隨地吐痰、未經許可就連接他人的WiFi，這些也要被罰款。2009年，一個計程車司機因爲在家裏沒穿衣服而被處以罰款，罪名是“在公衆能看到的地方裸露身體”。電子煙則早就已經在被禁之列了。
Perhaps it shouldn’t seem so unusual. It’s true that the West certainly differs when it comes to civil and political rights, and penalties here can be extremely tough, including the death penalty for drug offences. But Singapore is hardly the only jurisdiction to show enthusiasm for fines to discourage petty offences. New South Wales in Australia collected over $172m (US$121m) in parking fines in the last financial year, while councils in the UK collected £820m in a similar period. (Parking is actually a far smaller administrative challenge in Singapore because of deliberate policies to reduce car ownership rates).
也許這沒什麽可以大驚小怪的。確實，西方國家在民事和政治權利上肯定有所不同，有些刑罰也是相當之重，比如毒品相關的罪行可以導致死罪。但要說到熱衷以罰款來防止人們在小事上犯錯，新加坡的司法機構可不是唯一一個。在上一個財政年度裏，澳大利亞的新南威爾士在違章停車一項上就罰了1.72億澳幣（折合1.21億美元），英國法院則在同樣時間裏罰了8.2億英鎊。（停車管理在新加坡其實倒是容易得多，因爲政府早已通過各項政策降低了轎車的擁有率。）
Even the broader approach has analogues in the West. George Kelling and James Q Wilson wrote the famous essay Broken Windows in 1982, which argued that a broken window “is a signal that no one cares, and so breaking more windows costs nothing”. So the prescription was to address small infractions aggressively before they became major problems. Former New York Mayor Rudy Giuliani claimed to have reduced crime in New York with this approach. It sounds a little familiar in Singapore.
即使在更大層面的政策上，西方也有和新加坡類似的例子。喬治·凱林和詹姆斯·Q·威爾遜于1982年發表了一篇名爲《破窗效應》的文章，認爲一扇破掉的窗戶“就意味著沒人在乎它，所以打破更多窗戶也就不會有任何後果了”。從中得出的教訓是：千裏之堤，毀于蟻穴，所以一定要在事態擴大之前，用嚴厲的手段把小問題消滅在萌芽狀態。紐約前市長魯迪·朱利安尼稱自己正是用這種方法降低了紐約的犯罪率，這聽起來和新加坡也有點像。
Do fines work?
罰款有用嗎？
At first, the policy worked, according to Liak Teng Lit, chairman of the National Environment Agency. A combination of public awareness campaigning and punitive measures made a difference. More people picked up after themselves. The city became cleaner.
一開始是有用的，新加坡國家環境局主席陸聖烈如是說。旨在喚醒公共意識的運動和處罰措施相結合，的確帶來了改變。越來越多的人開始養成物歸原位、井井有條的好習慣，城市也變得幹淨了。
In 1961, Singapore had a “broom brigade” of 7,000 day labourers who were directly employed by the department of health. By 1989, there were only 2,100.
1961年，新加坡建立了一支“清掃隊”，由衛生部直接雇傭了7000名工人來做臨時工。到1989年，這個數字已經降到了2100。
day labourer: an unskilled worker hired and paid by the day 按日計酬的臨時工
But things changed. The city became wealthier, and it became easier to use low-cost labour to clean up. Nowadays, says Liak, Singapore isn’t clean because locals fear fines. It’s clean because there’s an army of workers scrubbing it. They do the heavy lifting. More than anyone else, they keep Singapore clean.
但後來情況發生了變化。這座城市變得更爲富裕，也更容易雇傭廉價勞工來清潔打掃了。陸聖烈說，今天的新加坡之所以能幹幹淨淨，並不是因爲人們害怕罰款，而是因爲有一大波工人在仔細打掃，是他們承擔了運送垃圾的重任。這些人對城市清潔做出的貢獻，比其他所有的人都要大。
“Singapore is a not a clean city. It’s a cleaned city,” Liak declares.
“新加坡不是一座幹淨的城市，而是一座打掃過的城市。”—— 陸聖烈
There are 56,000 cleaners registered with the National Environment Agency. There are likely thousands of independent contractors who aren’t registered. Mostly they’re low-paid foreign workers or elderly workers. Taipei, by contrast, has maybe 5,000 cleaners, Liak adds.
國家環境局注冊在案的清潔工有56000個，沒有登記的獨立承包人估計也有幾千個。他們大多是低薪雇傭的外國勞工或上了年紀的工人。“但台北只有大概5000個清潔工。”陸聖烈補充說。
Edward D’Silva is frustrated about the way the rise of this army of cleaners has changed the culture in Singapore. With so many cleaners, Singaporeans came to regard cleaning up as someone else’s job. Today, Singaporeans often leave their tray on the table at hawker centres after eating a meal, because they don’t consider it littering, or they think it’s the cleaners’ job to clean up after them. (In fairness, tray return facilities were only installed in 2013.)
清潔工人數量的增加已經改變了新加坡的城市文化，愛德華·德西爾瓦對此很是懊惱。因爲有這麽多清潔工，新加坡人開始把打掃看成別人的事了。如今，新加坡人經常在吃完飯後把餐盤留在小販中心的桌子上，因爲他們不認爲這是亂扔垃圾，或者他們覺得收桌子是清潔工的事。（說句公道話，餐盤回收裝置直到2013年才開始普及。）
D’Silva says students don’t pick up after themselves either, because they’ve always had a cleaner to do it for them. It’s something the Public Hygiene Council is trying to address at local schools. Simply put, he thinks Singaporeans have had it too easy for too long, and they need to change. Liak agrees.
德西爾瓦說，就連學生也不會自己收拾桌子了，因爲總有清潔工在後面幫他們收垃圾。這也是公共衛生理事會在當地學校教育中試圖改善的一點。簡單來說，他認爲新加坡人的舒服日子過得太久了，需要做出改變。陸聖烈也同意這一點。
“The government cleans the apartment [building], right up to your corridor, typically twice a day. When you have a very efficient cleaning service, and your neighbour messes up the place, you don’ t blame the neighbour, you blame the cleaner for not picking it up,” he says.
“政府會打掃公寓樓，一直掃到你家門口，而且是一天掃兩次。如果有這樣高效的清潔服務，即使鄰居把樓道弄髒了，你也不會怪他們，反而會責怪清潔工沒有及時來打掃。”他說。
Changing behaviour
改變行爲
In Japan, Australia or the UK, there isn’t the same availability of very low-cost labour to take on the cleaning jobs. In Singapore, cleaners are mostly drawn from a pool of roughly a million foreign workers as well as local aged workers. But as Singapore’s population grows and labour becomes more expensive, it simply won’t be affordable to employ so many cleaners.
在日本、澳大利亞和英國，沒有同等廉價的勞動力可以承擔清潔工作。而在新加坡，清潔工大多是從約一百萬外國勞工和本地大齡工人中挑選出來的。但隨著新加坡人口的增長和勞動力成本的上升，政府也承擔不起如此多工人的雇傭費用了。
Edward D’Silva says part of the original push for a cleaner Singapore was economic. Cleaning public spaces is expensive and it takes money away from more valuable pursuits. He says that’s still the case, and Singapore needs to change its behaviour fast. Singapore spends at least SGD$120m (US$87m) a year on cleaning public spaces.
愛德華·德西爾瓦說，在起初推動新加坡成爲清潔城市的改革中，部分是出于經濟原因。公共場所的清掃工作耗資不菲，而這些錢本可以用來達成更有價值的目標。他說這一情況至今仍未改變，新加坡需要迅速做出改變。現在政府清掃公共空間的花費一年至少有1.2億新幣（折合8700萬美元）。
“If you are able to instill and cultivate a habit whereby people don’t throw their litter anywhere and anyhow, then the money you would have otherwise spent to employ those cleaners, well, millions of dollars could have been better spent on health and education,” he said.
“如果你能激發並培養人們不亂扔垃圾的習慣，也就不需要雇傭那麽多的清潔工，那用省下來的幾百萬推動健康和教育不是更好嗎。”德西爾瓦這樣說。
Cleaning up
清掃進行時
Lee Bee Wah is the local MP for Nee Soon. She’s at the clean-up day in Khatib. In fact, she attends at least one a month in her constituency. She’s passionate about cleaning up. She not only encourages her constituents to pick up litter when they see it, but also to speak up when they see someone littering and to report offenders to the authorities.
李碧華是新加坡義順的地方議員，她也參與了卡迪社區的清掃日活動。事實上，她在自己的選區每個月至少要參加一次這樣的活動。她對清潔工作熱情滿滿，不僅鼓勵本區的選民隨手撿拾路上的垃圾，看到有人亂丟垃圾也會出言勸阻，並將其告到有關當局。
constituency /kənˈstɪtʃuənsi/ n. the body of voters who elect a representative for their area （選舉國會議員的）選區； 選區的全體選民
She says public education is every bit as important as fines. In fact, it’s quite difficult to impose fines, because it often requires an official or at least a citizen to witness the offence.
她認爲，公共教育和罰款條例的重要性是旗鼓相當的。實際上，落實罰款條例非常困難，因爲這往往需要一個官員或至少一個市民作爲犯罪目擊者。
“It is better to convince them, to get them to buy in, rather than just to depend on fines,” she says.
“說服和勸說比單純依賴罰款要好得多。”她說。
Once a year, there’s a constituency-wide “no-cleaners day”, when every cleaner in the district puts down their broom and local citizens clean up instead. She says it’s a good example of how a community can change for the better. At the first event in 2013, volunteers picked up 1,430kg of rubbish. This year, it was just 292kg.
該選區每年都會舉行一次“無清潔工日”的活動，選區裏的所有清潔工都會放下手中的掃帚，而當地的居民會進行清掃的工作。她說，這爲社區如何進步做出了一個好榜樣。2013年他們第一次舉辦這個活動時，志願者收集了1430公斤的垃圾，而今年只收了292公斤。
If there are too many cleaners and Singaporeans are too lax about picking up after themselves, she says her constituency is proof that progress is possible.
如果清潔工人數太多，而新加坡人又太不注意培養自己保持清潔的習慣，李碧華說，她的選區就是一個人們可以改變行爲以推動進步的證明。
