特朗普自2017年1月20日正式就職美國總統以來,以驚人的執行力落實著他在競選期間的言論:退出TPP、在美墨邊境“建牆”、限制移民……不斷搞事情,讓整個世界大跌眼鏡。
顯然,人們當初對特朗普上任後的執行力是遠遠低估了,接下來,他可能還會繼續出大招,給這個世界亂攪一通。
說起這麽美國富豪總統,大家總嘲笑他的英文水平,甚至很多專家說了,這是美國曆史上第一位英文水平還不如同期法國總統的美國總統!可你知道嗎,川普還爲語言界做出了自己的“貢獻”—創造了大量使詞典編纂者難以忽視的新詞彙。
近日,英國的《牛津英語詞典》(Oxford English Dictionary,簡稱OED)就將特朗普衍生詞彙列入了詞典的“候選名單”。也許不久的將來,你就會在《牛津英語詞典》中發現這些特朗普衍生詞。
快來看看,這些詞彙你認識幾個?
Trumponomics (the president’s economic policy)
“特朗普經濟學”——特朗普總統的經濟政策
Trumpertantrum (angry early-morning tweeting laced with innuendo and falsehood)
“特朗普式脾氣”——每日晨時嘲諷與謊言齊飛的特朗普推文
Trumpkin (a pumpkin carved to resemble the former TV host)
“特朗普南瓜”——雕成特朗普這位前電視節目主持人模樣的南瓜
The three words are among neologisms added to a watchlist of words that may be fast-tracked into the Oxford English Dictionary.這三個新詞彙現已被詞典編輯者加入備選清單,可能不久將正式寫入《牛津英語詞典》。
Eleanor Maier, OED associate editor, said a word would usually have been around for about 10 years before being added to the dictionary, but exceptions are made if a word achieves wide currency quickly and can be used without explanation. “Not everything we log will satisfy our inclusion criteria and some of them are likely to be relatively short-lived,” she said. “But it means we have a record of the usage and a place to add evidence and developments.”《牛津英語詞典》副編輯埃莉諾·梅爾透露,通常被選入詞典的得是至少已使用十年的新詞,但也有例外——那些迅速廣泛傳播,無需解釋即能使用的新詞。“並非我們收錄的所有詞條都嚴格符合收錄標准,其中一些也很有可能只是昙花一現,非常短命。但這至少給我們留下了詞彙使用的記錄,並提供了一個位置去添加新的語言證據和語言發展。”
Maier said social media had fast-tracked some words, beyond a relatively small pool of politically active Twitter users, to the wider population.梅爾稱,從幾個政治相關的推特活躍用戶,到普羅大衆的廣泛使用,詞彙在網絡社交媒體的推廣下普及速度非比尋常。
The new US president had given rise to one of the largest groups of words on the watchlist, which is used to monitor potential new additions to the dictionary, which is effectively the canon for standard British English.這位美國新任總統已然創造了詞典備選清單上最大的詞彙群組之一,成爲名列清單的“候選人”正是登入新一版《牛津英語詞典》的鑰匙。要知道,《牛津英語詞典》可是英語這門語言當之無愧的“聖經”。
Other Trumpian additions include:名列附加清單的特朗普衍生詞彙還有:
Trumpflation, the inflation analysts predict will be caused by the new administration’s economic policies
“特朗普通脹”——據分析師預測,將由特朗普政府經濟政策所引起的通貨膨脹
Trumpist (a Trump supporter)
“特朗普主義者”——特朗普支持者
Trumpette (a female Trumpist)
“女性的特朗普主義者”——女性特朗普支持者
Trumpista (a rare Hispanic Trumpist)
“西班牙裔的特朗普主義者”——罕見的西班牙裔特朗普支持者
The lexicographer warned that the rapid rise of Trumpisms did not guarantee the US president his own section when the OED is next updated. “It may seem that the current political situation has given rise to new words at a faster rate than before, but it would be interesting to see if Lincoln, Reagan, Thatcher, and Clinton, for example, inspired at the time a similar number of short-lived, and now forgotten, neologisms,” she said.不過詞典編纂者強調,雖然特朗普主義崛起迅速,可也不能保證特朗普總統一定在新一版《牛津英語詞典》中占有一席之地。“現今的政治局勢看起來似乎使造新詞比往昔來得更迅猛些,但有趣的是,看看林肯、裏根、撒切爾夫人和克林頓那會兒,他們啓發了同樣多的新詞,只不過這些新詞都很短命,現今早已被人遺忘。”
這可不是特朗普頭一次影響《牛津英語詞典》的詞條收錄。三個月前,《牛津英語詞典》宣布“後真相”(Post-truth)爲其年度詞。
《牛津英語詞典》把“後真相”定義爲“訴諸情感及個人信念,較客觀事實更能影響民意”。詞典編輯表示,自去年起,在特朗普當選美國總統以及英國退歐的大背景之下,“後真相”一詞的使用率急遽上升2000%。目前“後真相”一詞已被選入《牛津英語詞典(電子版)》(OxfordDictionaries.com),詞典編纂者將進一步監測其未來的使用,決定是否納入《牛津英語詞典》的未來版本。
As well as words that play on the president’s surname, words attributed to the extremes of the political spectrum have been added, though some may not outlive the recent election.除了直接從特朗普姓氏衍生出的詞彙外,《牛津英語詞典》備選清單上還添加了許多與近期政治局勢相關的詞彙,盡管其中某些詞彙存在的時間並沒有長過剛剛結束的美國大選。
Healther, which was based on “birther” and means a person who believes that Hilary Clinton has a serious, undisclosed illness, is likely to go the same way as the Democrat presidential candidate’s election campaign.“健康陰謀論者”(Healther),這一詞彙的發明仿照了“出生地陰謀論者”(Birther,即用來指那些宣稱美國第44屆總統奧巴馬篡改了出生證明的人)。而“健康陰謀論者”,則是指稱反對希拉裏的一些陰謀論者,他們認爲希拉裏有著嚴重的健康問題並秘而不宣,極有可能撐不過此次美國大選。
But Vichy Republican, used by the left to describe a Republican who supports Trump because it is expedient, may live longer if the president’s shoot-from-the-lip style makes his party dump him mid-term.“維希共和黨人”(Vichy Republican,“維希”指第二次世界大戰期間被納粹德國控制的法國傀儡政權)則被左翼人士用來指稱那些出于權宜之計支持特朗普的共和黨人士。這一詞彙有望存在得更久些,假如這位新總統口無遮攔的風格使他被共和黨人在中期選舉時抛棄。
British political woes have also contributed to the watchlist. Heading those that could make it into the dictionary is Bremainian, used by Brexit supporters about their disappointed referendum opponents. Brexit was added to the OED last year, and is the highest profile word to use “exit” as a suffix. Citing Texit/Calexit (the hypothetical withdrawal of Texas/California from the US), Maier said: “The –exit suffix seems to be following the model of –gate suffix, in giving rise to a number of ephemeral words.” She added: “So it may be that in the future, the –exit suffix is a dictionary entry in its own right.”英國的政治悲劇也爲《牛津英語詞典》備選清單貢獻不小。排在前面的就有Bremainian(英國留歐支持者),被英國脫歐(Brexit)支持者用來指稱他們的公投對手。Brexit(英國脫歐)在去年被《牛津英語詞典》收錄,-exit詞尾的使用極其巧妙。Teixt(美國德克薩斯州脫離美國)和Calexit(美國加利福尼亞州脫離美國)兩詞的發明也依法炮制。梅爾稱:“-exit詞尾似乎模仿了-gate詞尾(自水門事件 Watergate之後,-gate詞尾專門用來加在醜聞事件名稱之後,中文使用如‘豔照門’)的使用,同樣創造了許多非常短命的詞彙。”她進一步稱:“今後或許-exit詞尾也會在詞典中打下一片江山。”
你還知道哪些特氏英文呢?