視頻加載中…
Hey there I’m Emma from mmmEnglish! Today we’re going to roll up our sleeves and practise with the second conditional.
大家好，我是 Emma，歡迎來到 Emma 的美味英語頻道！今天我們要撸起袖子學習第二條件句。
Now this is one of my favourite grammar structures in English because we use it in different ways and we can have lots of fun with it as well?
So that you know exactly what will happen in this lesson let me give you a bit of an overview.
這是我最喜歡的英語語法結構之一，因爲有不同的使用方式，我們也可以從中獲得很多樂趣。爲了讓大家知道本節課程會講什麽內容，我先跟大家簡單說一下吧。
Firstly we’re going to talk about the meaning, when and why you should use the second conditional. Then we’re going to look at what it looks like, what words, what tenses, what punctuation are important to help you use the second conditional accurately.
首先，我們要討論第二條件句的含義，以及什麽時候和爲什麽要使用第二條件句。然後呢，我們要看看它是什麽樣子的，有哪些詞彙、時態和標點對于幫助你們正確地使用第二條件句非常重要。
Then I’ve got a few important extra tips to help you use the second conditional correctly. So make sure you stick around for that part and of course, there’ll be some practice at the end.
然後呢，我有一些重要的額外的小技巧幫助你們正確使用第二條件句。一定要堅持到那部分哦，最後也會有一些練習。
I’ll be making a series of videos about conditionals so make sure you subscribe to the channel and turn on notifications so that you know when each new lesson is ready for you.
Now this lesson is a little longer than usual because I really want to give you a clear and complete understanding of the second conditional.
我會制作一系列有關條件句的視頻，所以一定要訂閱我的頻道，並且打開通知哦，這樣新課程發布的時候你們就可以知道啦。這節課的時長比平時要長一點，因爲我真的想讓大家對第二條件句有一個清晰完整的理解。
So go grab a coffee or a cup of tea, settle in. You won’t regret it.
倒杯咖啡或者是茶，靜下心來學習吧。你不會後悔的。
Before we dive into this lesson, I want to make sure you know that the Lingoda Language Sprint is about to start. This intensive online language course runs for ninety days and it’s gonna boost your English grammar, your vocabulary, your speaking skills.
在我們開始本節課程之前，我想確認一下大家是不是都知道 Lingoda 語言沖刺即將開始了。這個強度很高的在線語言課程會持續九十天，它會提高你的英語語法、詞彙量和口語技巧。
Plus you can earn one hundred per cent of your money back if you finish it. And because Lingoda are now an official partner of Cambridge Assessment English, all sprinters can take the Cambridge online language test for free.
除此之外，如果你完成了所有的課程的話，可以全額返還你的學費哦。而且呢，因爲 Lingoda 現在是劍橋英語考評部的官方合作夥伴，所以呢，所有的沖刺跑選手都可以免費進行劍橋在線語言測試。
Sprint registrations are open right now so you still have time to join. In just three months you could be speaking English more confidently and more accurately.
沖刺跑注冊現已開放，所以你還有時間參加哦。在短短三個月的時間內，你在說英語的時候會變得更加自信、更加准確。
But it won’t happen unless you take action.
So if you’re the kind of person who thrives on a challenge, if you’ve told yourself that this year is going to be the year that you make it happen, then this is the perfect opportunity to prove what you’re capable of.
但是呢，除非你采取行動，否則改變並不會發生呢。所以呢，如果你是那種在挑戰中壯成長的人的話，如果你告訴過自己，今年將是你實現這個目標的一年，那麽這就是證明自己能力的絕佳機會。
To see my personal review of the Lingoda Sprint, to learn more about what to expect and find out if it’s actually possible to get that one hundred percent refund watch that video up there or head to the description below for all the details and to secure your place on the next Sprint.
And if you use this code right here, you’ll also get a discount on your first month’s fees.
如果想看看我對Lingoda Sprint的個人評論，想要了解更多關于該抱有什麽樣的期待，想要看看是不是真的有可能獲得百分之百的退款的話，可以觀看這個視頻，或前往視頻下方的描述區，以獲取所有詳細信息，爲自己在下一場沖刺跑預約一個位置。如果你使用這個邀請碼的話，還將獲得第一個月費用的折扣。
So happy sprinting! Alright let’s get started with this lesson.
祝大家沖刺開心！好了，讓我們開始課程吧。
When can you use the second conditional? We use it in a few ways: to imagine that our lives or someone else’s life is different; we use it to ask hypothetical questions; to give advice; and to give reasons why you can’t do something.
什麽時候可以使用第二條件句？有以下幾種使用方式：想象我們的生活或其他人的生活或許會不一樣；使用它來詢問假設性的問題；給出建議；給出你不能做某件事情的原因。
So you might have practised a little with the first two but the third and the fourth are both interesting and different ways to use the second conditional. So I’m really excited to get into those.
前兩種用法你可能已經練習過一些了，但是第三個和第四個用法也都是很有趣的、使用第二條件句的不同的方式。要講到這些我感覺超級激動哎。
But let’s start with number one. We use the second conditional to talk about things in the future that are unlikely or things that are impossible in the present.
但是，讓我們還是從第一種用法開始吧。我們會使用第二條件句來談論事物在未來不太可能發生的事情，或者是目前不可能的事情。
So we use it to imagine and to dream that the present situation is different than it really is. Now this could be because it’s impossible now or because it’s really unlikely to become real in the future, not completely impossible but unlikely.
我們會用它來想象目前的情況與實際情況有所不同。確實是可以這樣的，因爲目前來說不可能發生，或者因爲在未來也不太可能會成真，但是並非完全不可能，而是不太可能。
So with the second conditional, we say if this happened then that would happen. So for example, if I had enough money, I would buy a house.
所以呢，用第二條件句的話，我們會說如果發生這種情況的話，那麽另外一件事情就可以發生。例如說，如果我有足夠的錢，我就會買房子。
If the present situation was different then I would do that. If I won the lottery, I’d buy a house.
如果現在的情況不一樣的話，我會做的。如果我贏了彩票，我就會買房子。
Now this is an unlikely event in the future right because it’s unlikely I’m gonna win the lottery. Possible but unlikely.
這是未來不太可能發生的事情，因爲我不太可能會中彩票。有可能性，但不太可能。
Before we keep going with the other ways to use the second conditional, let’s spend a little bit of time focusing on what it looks like.
Conditional sentences all have an if clause and a main clause which is sometimes also called the result clause because it can only happen if the if clause occurs. It’s a condition, right?
在我們繼續其他的使用第二條件句的方式之前，讓我們花一點時間來看看第二條件句是長什麽樣子的吧。條件語句都有一個 if 從句和一個主句，主句有時也稱爲結果句，因爲它只會在 if 從句發生的情況下才會發生。這是個條件，對吧？
If this happens, then that happens. Now what exactly makes a conditional sentence the second conditional?
如果發生這種情況，那麽那種情況就會發生。那麽是什麽讓一個條件句成爲了第二條件句呢？
So the second conditional uses a past simple verb in the if clause then ‘would’ followed by the infinitive verb in the main clause. If she lived in London, she would have English friends.
在第二條件句中，if 從句使用的是一般過去時動詞，而主句是‘would’加動詞不定式。如果她住在倫敦，就會有英國朋友。
The if clause is the condition. Does she live in London?
If 子句是條件。她住在倫敦嗎？
No, we’re talking about a hypothetical situation here, right, so the result clause suggests what would be different and would tells us that we’re imagining the result or you know she would have English friends. It’s not real. She doesn’t have English friends now but it could happen if she lived in London.
並不是，我們在這裏討論的是一種假設的情況，所以結果從句表明的是會有什麽不同，告訴我們結果是想象的，她可能會有英語朋友，但是並不是真的。她現在沒有英國朋友，但是如果她住在倫敦的話，那有可能會發生。
If she lived in London, she would have English friends. Now you can definitely make one or both clauses negative in a second conditional sentence.
如果她住在倫敦，就會有英國朋友。在第二條件句中，主句和從句都可以是否定式。
If I didn’t want to go, I would tell you. If I didn’t finish my homework, I wouldn’t tell my teacher.
如果我不想去的話，我會告訴你的。如果我沒有完成作業的話，我並不會告訴我的老師。
And of course, we can ask second conditional questions too. Hypothetical questions to ask someone to imagine what they would do in a different situation.
當然了，我們也可以問第二條件句問題。詢問別人假設性的問題，讓別人去想象，如果情況不同的話，他們會做什麽。
So these situations are not real but it’s kind of fun to ask these types of questions right? It really helps to keep conversations going sometimes.
這些情況並不是真實的，但是詢問這種問題還挺有意思的，對吧？有時候對于保持對話繼續進行確實很有幫助。
What would you do if you quit your job? If you won a million dollars, would you travel the world?
如果辭職的話，你會怎麽辦呢？如果贏了一百萬美元的話，你會環遊世界嗎？
If you only had one day in Singapore, what would you do? See how fun these types of questions can be?
如果你在新加坡只有一天的時間的話，你會做什麽呢？這種類型的問題很有趣吧？
Choose one of them to answer in the comments below but make sure you write your answer as a full second conditional sentence to practise the structure okay? If I only had one day in Singapore, I would. . .
選擇其中一個在下面的評論區中回答一下吧，但爲了練習這種結構，要保證寫下的答案是完整的第二條件句，好嗎？如果我在新加坡只有一天時間的話，我會……
Now you can actually use ‘could’ in the if clause to ask a similar question so you would be saying if you were able to or if it were possible to. If you could travel to any country, where would you go?
你可以在 if 從句中使用‘could’來詢問相同的問題，你想表達的是，如果你可以，或者是是不是有可能。如果你可以去任何國家旅行的話，你會去哪裏呢？
Now notice that when you use ‘could’ in the if clause, the verb that follows ‘could’ is in the infinitive form not in the past simple and that’s because it’s a modal verb right? Standard English grammar rule.
要注意的是，當你在 if 從句中使用“could”的時候，“could”之後的動詞爲不定式形式，而不是一般過去時，那是因爲“could”是一個情態動詞，對吧？標准英語語法規則。
After modal verbs, we always have the infinitive.
Now we’ve been talking about hypothetical situations so far but what are these other uses because we can use the second conditional to give advice and if you think about it, when someone asks you for advice, you usually try to imagine what you would do in their situation and share that with them.
在情態動詞之後，我們需要用不定式。我們一直在談論假設的情況，但是其他的情況該怎麽用呢，因爲我們開可以使用第二條件句來給出建議，想象一下，當別人向你尋求建議的時候，你通常會去想象一下，如果你在他們這種情況下會做什麽，然後和他們分享。
So for example. If I were you, I’d talk to my boss before I quit my job.
例如說。如果我是你的話，在辭職之前，我會先和我老板談談。
Or: If I were her, I’d break up with him. Now if you’re wondering why in both of those examples I was using ‘were’ with the subject I, I’m going to talk about that in a few minutes.
或者是：如果我是她的話，我會和他分手的。如果你在想爲什麽在這兩個例子中我用的是“were”和主語“I”搭配的話，我會在幾分鍾之後談到這件事情的。
But lastly, you can use the second conditional to give reasons why you can’t do something. You’ve probably already noticed that English speakers are usually quite polite to each other.
不過最後一種情況是，可以使用第二條件句來說明爲什麽你不能做某事的原因。你可能已經注意到，說英語的人通常對彼此都很有禮貌。
Instead of just saying ‘no’ we often try and soften our responses by explaining why we can’t do something and sometimes you might just want to explain a situation a little more so the second conditional can really help you to do this. So for example, if I had the money, I’d lend it to you.
我們並不會只是說“不”，而是會通過解釋爲什麽我們不能做某件事情，來讓我們的回應更加和緩一點，有時候你可能想要就某個情況多解釋一點，而第二條件句可以幫助你。例如說，如果我有錢的話，我會借給你的。
I don’t have to explain myself any further here. This sentence already explains that I don’t have the money so I can’t help.
我不必再次繼續解釋了。這句話已經說明我沒有錢，所以我無能爲力。
But it suggests that maybe you want to, that maybe you would if you could. If I wasn’t so busy, I’d invite you over for dinner.
但這可以表明可能你想要，如果可以的話，你還是願意幫別人的。如果我不那麽忙的話，我會請你共進晚餐。
But I am really busy so I can’t invite you over. So we’ve covered what the second conditional looks like and when you can use it but now I want to share some extra tips to help you understand it better and to help you use it accurately.
但是我真的很忙，所以我不能邀請你來共進晚餐。我們已經說完了第二條件句長什麽樣子，以及什麽時候可以使用它，但是現在呢，我想分享一些小技巧，幫助你們更好地理解它以及正確地使用它。
So the first one I want to mention is that ‘if’ is a conjunction, right? The purpose of conjunctions is to join two sentences or two different clauses together.
我想說的第一點是 ‘if’ 是一個連詞，對不對？連詞的目的是將兩個句子或者是兩個不同的從句連在一起。
There’s a really strong relationship between the two clauses in a conditional sentence, right? They’re really connected.
條件句的兩個從句之間的關系非常緊密，對吧？它們非常緊密地聯系在一起。
The if clause contains a condition and the main clause contains the result, right? They rely on each other.
If 從句包含一個條件，然後主句裏面包含的是結果，對吧？它們互相依賴。
Now you may know that with all conditional sentences, you can change the order of your clauses. When this happens, it doesn’t change the meaning but there is an important punctuation change that you need to make.
你可能知道所有的條件中，從句的順序都是可以調換的。發生這種情況時，並不會改變意義，但是需要改變標點符號。
If it stopped raining, I would go for a walk. I would go for a walk if it stopped raining.
如果停止下雨的話，我會去散步。如果停止下雨的話，我會去散步。
Now the meaning in these two sentences is exactly the same but notice that when the main clause comes first, we don’t include that comma before the if clause.
Now to be honest this is really only significant if you’re sitting an English exam or you’re doing academic writing.
這兩個句子的意思是完全相同的，但是要注意的是，當主句先出現的時候，if 從句前面沒有逗號。說實話，這只有在你參加英語考試或者是進行學術寫作的時候才比較重要。
You’re going to get marked down for that type of punctuation error. But generally, that’s not really something you need to lose sleep over.
如果你的標點符號用錯了的話會被扣分的。但是總的來說，這並不是什麽你們要爲之十分擔心的事情。
Now in spoken English, the subject and ‘would’, they’re usually contracted. I’d, you’d, she’d, he’d, they’d, we’d.
在英語口語中，主語和“would”通常都會縮寫。I’d, you’d, she’d, he’d, they’d, we’d。
Now it’s much easier to say this type of sentence quickly and it helps you to sound a little more relaxed as well.
But these contractions, very common in spoken English, common in informal written English but you shouldn’t be using contractions in formal written English, right? Just steer clear completely.
這樣會使得快速說這種類型的句子更加容易，而且也會幫助你聽起來更加放松一點。但是這些縮寫在英語口語中很常見，在非正式書面英語中也很常見，但是你不應該在正式場合使用縮寫，對吧？要完全避開這種情況。
Now one of the most interesting parts about the second conditional is that it breaks some standard be verb grammar rules, right? We can actually use ‘were’ instead of ‘was’ with I, he, she and it, right?
第二條件句最有趣的一部分是它違反了動詞“be”的標准語法規則，對吧？我們使用的是“were”，而不是“was”和我、他、她和它搭配，是吧？
Both of them are grammatically correct but I guess ‘were’ is a little more formal alright so we would use it in more formal situations. If I was you, I would break up with him.
它們從語法來說都是正確的，但是我覺得“were”更加正式一點，所以我們會在更加正式一點的場合使用它。如果我是你的話，我會和他分手。
If I were you, I would break up with him. Both of those sentences are the same.
如果我是你的話，我會和他分手。這兩個句子是相同的。
If she was taller. . . If she were taller. . . she would be an air hostess.
如果她更高的話……如果她更高的話……她會是一名空姐。
So again we can use either, it’s totally okay. ‘Were’ is a little more formal.
所以呢，我們兩個都可以使用，都是沒問題的。“Were” 更加正式一點。
All right, phew, oh my gosh! So after all of that, I want you to practise writing some sentences with me in the comments.
好的，呼呼，我的天哪！學完這些之後，我想讓大家和我一起練習在評論區造一點句子。
Now if you’re feeling pretty confident about this, go ahead and create your own sentences, freestyle, you know. Get creative. Give advice. Talk about hypothetical situations.
如果你對此感到非常自信的話，那就去造句吧，自由發揮。充分發揮你們的創意。提出建議。談論假想的情況。
Give reasons why but if you’re feeling still maybe a little uncertain, I’ve added these questions in the description below so all you need to do is copy them and paste them into your comment and then complete the answers yourself.
So I’ll be down there checking your answers all weekend to make sure you’re getting them right and if you need some help and support, I’ll be there.
給出原因，但是如果你感覺有點點不確定的話，我已經把這些問題添加在下方描述區了，所以你們需要做的就是複制它們，粘貼到你們的評論中，然後自己把答案給完成。我周末也會下去檢查大家的答案，保證大家的使用都是正確的，如果你們需要幫助和支持的話，我會在那裏的哦。
If you enjoyed this lesson, make sure you give it a like, subscribe to my channel so that you know when the next lesson is going to be ready for you.
As I said, I will be adding more lessons just like this, with the first, the third, mixed conditionals as well.
如果你喜歡本節課程的話，那就給它一個贊吧，訂閱我的頻道，這樣你們就可以知道下節課什麽時候爲你們准備好啦。正如我之前說過的，我會添加更多像這樣的課程，關于第一、第三和混合條件句。
They’re coming. So I’m guessing that your grammar brain is a little fried right now so if you’re keen to keep practising with me, let’s try something a little lighter, maybe some pronunciation perhaps.
它們很快就要來了哦。我猜你們的語法大腦現在有點點疲憊了，所以如果你想要繼續和我一起練習的話，讓我們嘗試一點輕松的吧，或許發音練習就不錯。
Thanks for watching friends. I will see soon. Bye!
感謝親們的觀看,期待很快再見。拜拜！