國務院新聞辦公室16日發表《新疆的職業技能教育培訓工作》白皮書。雙語全文如下：
新疆的職業技能教育培訓工作
Vocational Education and Training in Xinjiang
（2019年8月）
中華人民共和國
國務院新聞辦公室
The State Council Information Office of
the People’s Republic of China
August 2019
目錄Contents
前言Preface
一、開展教育培訓工作勢在必行I. Urgent Needs for Education and Training
二、依法開展教育培訓工作II. Law-Based Education and Training
三、教育培訓的內容III. Content of Education and Training
四、學員的基本權利得到保障IV. Protection of Trainees’ Basic Rights
五、教育培訓工作取得顯著成效V. Remarkable Results in Education and Training
六、探索出去極端化的有益經驗VI. Experience in Countering Extremism
結束語Conclusion
前言
Preface
恐怖主義、極端主義是人類社會的共同敵人，反恐、去極端化是國際社會的共同責任。消除恐怖主義、極端主義這一嚴重危害人民生命安全的社會毒瘤，維護人的尊嚴和價值，保障人民的生命權、健康權、發展權，使人民在安甯祥和的社會環境中幸福生活，是世界上任何一個負責任的政府執政的基本理念和根本任務。
Terrorism and extremism are the common enemies of humanity, and the fight against terrorism and extremism is the shared responsibility of the international community. It is a fundamental task of any responsible government, acting on basic principles, to remove the malignant tumor of terrorism and extremism that threatens people’s lives and security, to safeguard people’s dignity and value, to protect their rights to life, health and development, and to ensure they enjoy a peaceful and harmonious social environment.
多年來，國際社會爲打擊和預防恐怖主義、極端主義，保障人民生命安全和生活幸福，作出了不懈努力，付出了巨大犧牲。世界上許多國家和地區，從本國和本地區實際出發，積極探索打擊和預防恐怖主義、極端主義的有效措施和辦法，積累了寶貴經驗。
Over the years, to ensure public safety and wellbeing, the international community has spared no effort and made tremendous sacrifices in preventing and combating terrorism and extremism. Many countries and regions, in light of their own conditions, have developed effective measures and drawn valuable lessons from these efforts.
新疆是中國反恐、去極端化鬥爭的主戰場。一段時期，新疆深受恐怖主義、宗教極端主義之害，人民生命安全受到嚴重威脅。新疆堅持標本兼治，打擊與預防相結合，通過依法設立職業技能教育培訓中心（以下簡稱“教培中心”），開展職業技能教育培訓工作（以下簡稱“教培工作”），著力消除恐怖主義、宗教極端主義滋生蔓延的土壤和條件，有效遏制了恐怖活動多發頻發勢頭，最大限度保障了各族人民的生命權、健康權、發展權等基本權利，取得了反恐、去極端化鬥爭重要階段性勝利。
Xinjiang is a key battlefield in the fight against terrorism and extremism in China. For some time Xinjiang has been plagued by terrorism and religious extremism, which pose a serious threat to the lives of the people in the region. Addressing both the symptoms and root causes and integrating preventative measures and a forceful response, Xinjiang has established vocational education and training centers in accordance with the law to prevent the breeding and spread of terrorism and religious extremism, effectively curbing the frequent terrorist incidents and protecting
the rights to life, health, and development of the people of all ethnic groups. Worthwhile results have been achieved.
一、開展教育培訓工作勢在必行
I. Urgent Needs for Education and Training
恐怖主義、極端主義在新疆由來已久。20世紀初至40年代末，民族分裂勢力、宗教極端勢力借助“泛突厥主義”“泛伊斯蘭主義”思潮，試圖在新疆建立“政教合一”的“東突厥斯坦”國。形形色色的“東突”勢力爲了達到分裂中國的目的，鼓吹宗教極端主義，實施了一系列暴力恐怖活動。在此後相當長的一段時間裏，宗教極端主義對新疆的滲透從未停止，暴力恐怖活動時有發生。
Terrorism and extremism have a long history in Xinjiang. From the early 20th century to the late 1940s, separatist and religious extremist forces, spreading “Pan-Turkism” and “Pan-Islamism”, attempted to create a theocratic state they called “East Turkistan” in Xinjiang. In an attempt to split China, such forces advocated religious extremism and carried out a series of terrorist activities. For years religious extremism continued to make inroads into Xinjiang, resulting in incidents of terrorism.
20世紀90年代以來，恐怖主義、極端主義在全球蔓延加劇，給人類社會造成重大災難。美國、英國、法國、德國、西班牙、比利時、俄羅斯、土耳其、埃及、印度、印度尼西亞、新西蘭、斯裏蘭卡等世界上許多國家和地區都發生了受極端主義影響的暴力恐怖襲擊案（事）件，造成大量人員傷亡和重大財産損失，嚴重威脅世界和平，給人類社會發展投下陰影。
Since the 1990s the global spread and aggravation of terrorism and extremism has wrought havoc. Influenced by extremism, terrorist attacks and related incidents have caused heavy casualties and property damage in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Spain, Belgium, Russia, Turkey, Egypt, India, Indonesia, New Zealand, Sri Lanka, and other countries and regions. World peace is under serious threat, and the future of humanity is overshadowed.
據不完全統計，自1990年至2016年年底，民族分裂勢力、宗教極端勢力、暴力恐怖勢力在中國新疆地區策劃實施了數千起爆炸、暗殺、投毒、縱火、襲擊、騷亂、暴亂等系列暴力恐怖案（事）件，造成大量無辜群衆被害，數百名公安民警殉職，財産損失無法估算。
Between 1990 and the end of 2016 separatists, religious extremists and terrorists plotted and carried out several thousand acts of terrorism such as bombings, assassinations, poisoning, arson, assaults, and riots in Xinjiang. Many innocent people were killed and several hundred police officers died in the line of duty. The property losses incurred were enormous.
恐怖主義、極端主義的産生有著複雜的國際國內背景，受政治、經濟、文化等各方面因素影響，與特定國家、特定地區、特定民族、特定宗教、特定社會制度無關。反恐、去極端化既是世界性課題，也是世界性難題。多年來，一些國家和地區爲了有效反恐、去極端化，根據自身實際，積極探索打擊和預防恐怖主義、極端主義的具體路徑和辦法，但由于各自的曆史文化傳統、經濟社會發展水平、公民受教育程度及就業能力狀況等存在差異，采取的辦法和舉措也不盡相同。
Terrorism and extremism germinate in a complex domestic and international environment. They are rooted in political, economic and cultural factors, and are not specific to particular countries, regions, ethnic groups, religions or social systems. The fight against terrorism and extremism is a global challenge. Over the years different countries and regions have adopted different measures of preventing and combating terrorism and extremism, based on their respective historical and cultural traditions, their level of social and economic development, and the level of education and employability of their citizens.
新疆特別是位于南疆的喀什地區、和田地區、克孜勒蘇柯爾克孜自治州、阿克蘇地區等四地州，由于宗教極端主義滲透時間長，影響範圍廣，毒害程度深，暴力恐怖案（事）件在一段時間多發頻發，且涉案人員衆多，影響群體龐大，導致反恐、去極端化形勢嚴峻。
For some time Xinjiang, especially Kashgar Prefecture, Hotan Prefecture, Aksu Prefecture and Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture in the south, where religious extremism has had a long and widespread presence, suffered badly from frequent acts of terrorism. Large numbers of people were involved and even more were affected. The scale of the problem posed a serious challenge to China’s efforts in fighting terrorism and extremism.
宗教極端勢力利用信教群衆樸素的宗教感情，借助當地信教人口衆多、對外交流不暢、農牧業就業承載有限、信息閉塞、現代科學知識匮乏等客觀因素，散布宗教極端主義。宗教極端勢力肆意歪曲宗教教義教規，將極端主義與宗教捆綁在一起，與廣大信教群衆捆綁在一起，與社會生活捆綁在一起，鼓動推翻世俗政權，妄圖建立教法統治的國家。宗教極端勢力否定一切世俗觀念和現代文明成果，鼓吹所謂“聖戰殉教進天堂”，殘害所謂“異教徒”“叛教者”，致使當地正常宗教活動遭到嚴重破壞，中道正信的宗教人士受到排斥、迫害，甚至被殺害。因宗教極端主義影響，大量信教群衆被套上了沉重的精神枷鎖，正常生産生活受到嚴重幹擾，社會經濟發展受到嚴重制約。
Exploiting people’s religious beliefs, extremist forces spread religious extremism through Xinjiang’s large religious population, among people who have limited means of communication outside their own communities, limited employment opportunities in farming and animal husbandry, limited sources of information, and limited knowledge of modern science. Deliberately distorting religious doctrines and canons, religious extremists have bound extremism to religion, to religious believers, and to society as a whole, and incited people to overthrow secular governments and establish theocratic states. They deny the concepts and achievements of modern secular civilization, inciting followers to “engage in a holy war and die for their beliefs in order to enter heaven”, and injuring and killing those they describe as “pagans” and “renegades”. Normal religious activities in Xinjiang have been seriously disrupted, and upstanding religious individuals have been ostracized, persecuted, or killed. For many religious believers, the mental shackles imposed by religious extremism have become unbearable, disturbing their normal life and work. Social and economic development in the region has also suffered as a result.
爲了強化對信教群衆的精神控制，宗教極端勢力持續煽動信教群衆抵制學習國家通用語言文字，排斥現代科學知識；歪曲炮制所謂“教法、家法”，將其作爲行爲准則，對抗國家憲法法律；鼓吹“來世天定”，蠱惑信教群衆拒絕學習掌握就業技能、改善經濟條件、提升自我發展能力。大量群衆不具備掌握國家通用語言文字能力，不具備基本法律知識。
To strengthen their psychological control over religious believers, extremist forces have incited people to boycott the standard spoken and written Chinese language and reject modern science. They act in accordance with fabricated “religious law” and “domestic discipline”, and defy the Constitution and state laws. They spread word about a “next life where one’s fate is predestined”, and deceive religious believers into rejecting the kind of vocational skills training by which they can improve their economic conditions and their capacity for self-development. A large part of the population could not read and write in the standard spoken and written Chinese language, and they had no basic knowledge of the law.
在宗教極端主義的滲透和控制下，許多人參與或者被教唆、脅迫、引誘參與恐怖活動、極端主義活動，但尚屬情節輕微，或未造成實際危害後果；一些人雖因恐怖活動犯罪、極端主義犯罪被定罪處刑，但並未完全脫離宗教極端主義束縛。由于上述人員受宗教極端主義毒害深，喪失了對正常生活和法律界限的理性辨識能力，如果不對他們采取積極幹預措施，就不能解除宗教極端主義對他們的桎梏，就無法使他們融入正常的社會生活，就不可能使他們實現個人的更好發展。
Influenced and controlled by religious extremism, many people have engaged in – or have been instigated, coerced or enticed to engage in – terrorist and extremist activities, but they have not committed serious crimes or inflicted actual harm. It is hard for some people who have been convicted of terrorist or extremist crimes to abandon extremist views, as their minds have been poisoned to the extent of losing reason and the ability to think sensibly about their lives and the law. Without necessary intervention measures it will not be possible for them to cast off the shackles of religious extremism, get back to normal life, and improve their prospects for a better future.
面對嚴峻形勢和複雜情況，新疆的反恐、去極端化堅持標本兼治方針，既依法嚴厲打擊少數嚴重暴力恐怖犯罪，又最大限度地教育挽救感染宗教極端主義、有輕微違法犯罪的人員。依法設立教培中心，對學員進行系統的教育培訓，是遏制暴力恐怖案（事）件多發頻發、鏟除宗教極端主義滋生蔓延土壤的迫切需要，也是有效提升學員文化知識水平、掌握勞動技能、促進就業和增加收入的迫切需要，更是實現新疆社會穩定和長治久安的迫切需要。
Faced with this severe and complex problem, Xinjiang has upheld the principle of addressing both the symptoms and root causes in its fight against terrorism and extremism, by striking hard at serious terrorist crimes, which are limited in number, and by educating and rehabilitating people influenced by religious extremism and involved in minor violations of the law. In accordance with the law it has established a group of vocational centers to offer systematic education and training in response to a set of urgent needs: to curb frequent terrorist incidents, to eradicate the breeding ground for religious extremism, to help trainees acquire a better education and vocational skills, find employment, and increase their incomes, and most of all, to safeguard social stability and long-term peace in Xinjiang.
二、依法開展教育培訓工作
II. Law-Based Education and Training
新疆開展教培工作的做法既符合國家法治精神和要求，又體現了國際社會反恐、去極端化的原則和理念。
Education and training in Xinjiang is practiced in line with the spirit and requirements of the rule of law in China. It also reflects the ideas and principles of counter-terrorism and deradicalization as practiced by the international community.
新疆根據《中華人民共和國國家安全法》《中華人民共和國刑法》《中華人民共和國刑事訴訟法》《中華人民共和國反恐怖主義法》和《宗教事務條例》等法律法規，依照法定程序，制定並修改完善了《新疆維吾爾自治區實施〈中華人民共和國反恐怖主義法〉辦法》《新疆維吾爾自治區去極端化條例》兩部地方性法規。
In recent years, in line with the National Security Law of the People’s Republic of China, Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China, Criminal Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China, Counterterrorism Law of the People’s Republic of China, and Regulations on Religious Affairs, Xinjiang has enacted and revised, in accordance with legal procedures, two local regulations – the Measures of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on Implementing the Counter-terrorism Law of the People’s Republic of China, and the Regulations of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on Deradicalization.
中國法律區分了違法行爲和犯罪行爲，並規定了不同的執法司法主體和處理程序。其中，視具體違法或犯罪情節不同，有的由包括公安機關在內的行政機關依法予以行政處罰；有的由公安機關偵查終結，移送檢察機關審查後，由檢察機關依法作出不起訴決定；有的在檢察機關提起公訴後，由審判機關依法審理定罪處刑。
Chinese law distinguishes between unlawful and criminal acts, and prescribes different law enforcement and judicial bodies and different processes for handling the two kinds of acts. Depending on the specific circumstances, some offenders or criminals are subjected to punishment by administrative organs, including public security organs, in accordance with the law. Some, after their cases have been investigated by public security organs and transferred, are examined by procuratorial organs and there is a decision not to prosecute. Some are tried, convicted and sentenced by judicial organs in accordance with the law after procuratorial organs have initiated public prosecution.
具體在恐怖主義、極端主義違法犯罪案件中，依照法律規定，視具體情節及當事人表現，除由檢察機關提起公訴，由審判機關定罪處刑的外，有的案件是由公安機關等行政機關依法作出處理，有的案件是由檢察機關依法作出不起訴決定。這些不同的處理方式和程序，恰恰體現了國家寬嚴相濟的刑事政策和教育挽救的方針。爲了貫徹標本兼治的原則，中國法律和地方性法規對參與恐怖活動、極端主義活動的人員，還規定了幫教、安置教育等措施。
Chinese law distinguishes between unlawful and criminal acts, and prescribes different law enforcement and judicial bodies and different processes for handling the two kinds of acts. Depending on the specific circumstances, some offenders or criminals are subjected to punishment by administrative organs, including public security organs, in accordance with the law. Some, after their cases have been investigated by public security organs and transferred, are examined by procuratorial organs and there is a decision not to prosecute. Some are tried, convicted and sentenced by judicial organs in accordance with the law after procuratorial organs have initiated public prosecution.
新疆依據《中華人民共和國反恐怖主義法》《新疆維吾爾自治區實施〈中華人民共和國反恐怖主義法〉辦法》《新疆維吾爾自治區去極端化條例》等法律法規，設立了教培中心，開展幫教等工作。目前進入教培中心的學員有三類：一是被教唆、脅迫、引誘參與恐怖活動、極端主義活動，或者參與恐怖活動、極端主義活動情節輕微，尚不構成犯罪的人員。二是被教唆、脅迫、引誘參與恐怖活動、極端主義活動，或者參與恐怖活動、極端主義活動，有現實危險性，尚未造成實際危害後果，主觀惡性不深，能夠認罪悔罪，依法不需要判處刑罰或者免除刑罰，自願接受培訓的人員。三是因恐怖活動犯罪、極端主義犯罪被定罪處刑，刑滿釋放前經評估仍有社會危險性，人民法院依法決定在刑滿釋放後進行安置教育的人員。對第一、第三類人員，根據《中華人民共和國反恐怖主義法》第二十九條、第三十條的規定，依法進行幫教或安置教育。對第二類人員，則本著寬嚴相濟的刑事政策，打擊少數、挽救多數，對認罪悔罪、自願接受培訓的人員，在依法作出不起訴決定後對其進行幫教。
In accordance with the Counter-terrorism Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Measures of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on Implementing the Counter-terrorism Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Regulations of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on Deradicalization, and other laws and regulations, vocational education and training centers have been established in Xinjiang. At present, the trainees at the centers fall into three categories:
1. People who were incited, coerced or induced into participating in terrorist or extremist activities, or people who participated in terrorist or extremist activities in circumstances that were not serious enough to constitute a crime;
2. People who were incited, coerced or induced into participating in terrorist or extremist activities, or people who participated in terrorist or extremist activities that posed a real danger but did not cause actual harm, whose subjective culpability was not deep, who acknowledged their offences and were contrite about their past actions and thus do not need to be sentenced to or can be exempted from punishment, and who have demonstrated the willingness to receive training;
3. People who were convicted and received prison sentence for terrorist or extremist crimes and after serving their sentences, have been assessed as still posing a potential threat to society, and who have been ordered by people’s courts in accordance with the law to receive education at the centers. In accordance with Articles 29 and 30 of the Counter-terrorism Law, people in the first and third categories will be given assistance and education or receive job-related education at the centers. With regard to people in the second category, a small number of them should be punished severely, while the majority should be rehabilitated in accordance with the policy of balancing compassion and severity. Confession, repentance, and willingness to receive training are preconditions for leniency, and these people will receive education to help reform their ways after they have been exempted from prosecution in accordance with the law.
新疆開展教培工作的具體法律程序是，由有關機關依照《中華人民共和國刑法》《中華人民共和國刑事訴訟法》《中華人民共和國反恐怖主義法》等相關法律法規規定，對相關行爲性質和情節進行認定，對相關人員作出處理。其中，對第一類人員，由公安機關依法作出處理，由教培中心進行幫教；對第二類人員，由公安機關依法偵查，檢察機關經審查作出不起訴決定後，由教培中心進行幫教；第三類人員在刑滿釋放前經評估具有社會危險性的，依據人民法院決定在刑滿釋放後進行安置教育。The specific procedures for carrying out education and training in Xinjiang require that relevant authorities determine the nature and circumstances of the acts and deal with the above three categories in accordance with the laws and regulations, such as the Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure Law, and Counter-terrorism Law. The first category should first be handled by public security organs, and then given assistance and education by vocational education and training centers. The second category should first be investigated by public security organs, and if the procuratorial organs, after reviewing the cases, have made the decision not to institute legal proceedings, they should then be given assistance and education by education and training centers. The third category, after being assessed before their release from prison and found to pose an ongoing risk to society, shall be placed at such centers to receive education to help them reintegrate into society in accordance with the decision of people’s courts.
對上述人員，通過“集中培訓、寄宿學習、實踐培養”等多種形式開展免費職業技能教育培訓，並在學員考核達標後頒發結業證書。學員結業後，可以自主擇業，也可以由有關部門協助安排就業。
The vocational education and training centers shall provide the people mentioned above with residential vocational training free of charge, and issue certificates of completion when the trainees reach the expected criteria. After graduation, the trainees can choose their own jobs, or employment can be arranged for them with the assistance of relevant authorities.
新疆教培工作也符合國際社會有關公約、倡議中明確的基本原則。作爲國際社會負責任的一員，中國積極支持聯合國在國際反恐合作中發揮主導和協調作用，堅持遵循《聯合國憲章》和其他國際法原則准則，支持聯合國安理會通過的一系列反恐決議，大力推動《聯合國全球反恐戰略》（60/288）全面實施。目前，中國已加入《制止恐怖主義爆炸的國際公約》《制止向恐怖主義提供資助的國際公約》《制止核恐怖主義行爲國際公約》《反對劫持人質國際公約》等國際反恐公約。此外，在上海合作組織框架下，中國與有關國家締結了《打擊恐怖主義、分裂主義和極端主義上海公約》《上海合作組織成員國合作打擊恐怖主義、分裂主義和極端主義構想》《上海合作組織反恐怖主義公約》《上海合作組織反極端主義公約》《上海合作組織成員國合作打擊恐怖主義、分裂主義和極端主義2019－2021年合作綱要》《上海合作組織成員國和阿富汗伊斯蘭共和國關于打擊恐怖主義、毒品走私和有組織犯罪行動計劃》等文件。
The education and training efforts in Xinjiang are also in line with the basic principles clearly defined in the relevant international conventions and initiatives. As a responsible member of the international community, China supports the United Nations in playing a leading and coordinating role in international cooperation against terrorism. China upholds the UN Charter and other principles and norms of international law. It has supported a series of resolutions on combating terrorism adopted by the UN Security Council, and contributed to the full implementation of the UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy. China has joined a number of international counter-terrorism conventions, including the International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings, International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism, and International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages. Under the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), China and the other countries involved have signed the following documents: the Shanghai Convention on Combating Terrorism, Separatism and Extremism, Cooperation Between SCO Member States on Combating Terrorism, Separatism and Extremism, SCO Convention on Combating Terrorism, SCO Convention on Combating Extremism, SCO Cooperation Programme on Fighting Terrorism, Separatism and Extremism for 2019-2021, and SCO Plan of Action for Cooperation with the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan on Fighting Terrorism, Drug Trafficking and Organized Crimes.
聯合國《防止暴力極端主義行動計劃》（70/674）報告指出，貧困、失業、缺乏就業機會和教育程度低，以及暴力極端主義團體隨意歪曲和利用宗教信仰、族裔差異和政治思想體系等方面是形成暴力極端主義的背景和成因。行動計劃建議，防止暴力極端主義必須擴大應對措施，更早介入，消除促成暴力極端主義的因素，用預防措施配合打擊暴力極端主義。行動計劃提出，將國家發展政策與可持續發展目標保持一致，消除一切形式的貧困，確保優質教育，讓全民享有終身學習機會；爲暴力極端主義團體的人提供教育機會和經濟機遇，鼓勵其脫離暴力極端主義團體；向青年提供繼續學習機會、職業培訓資源、創業才能培養。新疆開展教培工作正是中國落實國際社會反恐、去極端化倡議及其理念的具體表現。
The United Nations Plan of Action to Prevent Violent Extremism notes that poverty, unemployment, the absence of alternative employment opportunities, and low levels of education, are the background causes of violent extremism, along with the distortion and exploitation by violent extremist groups of religious beliefs, ethnic differences and political ideologies. The Plan of Action says that to counter violent extremism, we have to broaden our responses, engage earlier, and address the drivers of violent extremism. We need to complement actions to counter violent extremism with preventive measures. The Plan of Action proposes to align national development policies with the Sustainable Development Goals, end poverty in all its forms, ensure quality education, and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all; to encourage individuals to leave violent extremist groups by developing programs that place an emphasis on providing them with educational and economic opportunities; and to support young people in gaining access to continued learning and vocational resources, and in incubating their entrepreneurial talent. The education and training efforts of Xinjiang manifest China’s implementation of international counter-terrorism and deradicalization initiatives and measures.
三、教育培訓的內容
III. Content of Education and Training
爲有效遏制宗教極端主義蔓延擴散、暴力恐怖案（事）件多發頻發勢頭，新疆依法開展教育培訓工作，在一些區、縣設立教培中心。
In order to effectively contain and systematically remedy the dissemination of religious extremism and frequent terrorist incidents, Xinjiang has set up vocational education and training centers in some prefectures and counties.
教培中心屬于學校性質。針對新疆反恐、去極端化的實際需要，設置了以學習國家通用語言文字、法律知識、職業技能以及去極端化爲主要內容的教學課程。
These centers are education and training institutions in nature. To meet the needs of fighting terrorism and extremism, these centers deliver a curriculum that includes standard spoken and written Chinese, understanding of the law, vocational skills, and deradicalization.
針對學員使用國家通用語言文字普遍水平低的問題，開展國家通用語言文字培訓。教培中心開展國家通用語言文字培訓有充分的憲法和法律依據。《中華人民共和國憲法》以及《中華人民共和國民族區域自治法》《中華人民共和國國家通用語言文字法》均保障各民族有使用和發展自己的語言文字的自由。同時，《中華人民共和國憲法》和《中華人民共和國國家通用語言文字法》也規定，國家推廣全國通用的普通話，公民有學習和使用國家通用語言文字的權利，國家爲公民學習和使用國家通用語言文字提供條件。教培中心充分保障憲法賦予公民的學習和使用國家通用語言文字的權利，爲學員提供學習條件。安排有教師資格的國家通用語言專業教師，使用專門爲學員編寫的教材，按照普通學校授課方式，快速提升學員使用國家通用語言文字的能力。國家通用語言文字的培訓，是在尊重少數民族使用本民族語言文字權利前提下進行的，目的在于增強掌握和使用國家通用語言文字的能力，使學員獲得學習科學文化知識、職業技能、外出經商務工、與其他民族群衆交流、適應現代生活的語言工具，而不是要剝奪或者限制使用、發展本民族語言文字的權利。
To remedy their lack of proficiency in spoken and written Chinese, tailored language programs are provided to trainees. The education and training centers have solid constitutional and legal authority to conduct such programs. The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Regional Ethnic Autonomy and the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language protect the freedom of all ethnic groups to use and develop their own spoken and written languages. At the same time, the Constitution and the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language specify that the state promotes the nationwide use of Putonghua, that all citizens have the right to learn and use the standard spoken and written Chinese language, and that the state provides citizens with the conditions to enable them to do so.
The education and training centers fully guarantee citizens’ right to learn and use standard spoken and written Chinese conferred by the Constitution, and provide trainees with the facilities required for their studies. They employ qualified teachers, using textbooks compiled especially for the trainees, teaching in the same way as in regular schools in order to rapidly improve their ability in the use of standard spoken and written Chinese. Improving the trainees’ command of standard spoken and written Chinese helps them to learn about science and technology, acquire vocational skills, seek work in other locations, communicate with other ethnic groups, and adapt better to life in modern society, subject to the condition that their right to use their own ethnic spoken and written languages is respected. There is no intention to deprive or limit the trainees’ right to use and develop their own ethnic languages.
針對學員普遍缺乏法治意識，開設法律知識課程。教培中心將學習法律知識作爲培養學員增強國家意識、公民意識、法治意識的關鍵環節。聘請法官、檢察官、律師等講授《中華人民共和國憲法》《中華人民共和國民族區域自治法》《中華人民共和國刑法》《中華人民共和國民法總則》《中華人民共和國婚姻法》《中華人民共和國婦女權益保障法》《中華人民共和國未成年人保護法》《中華人民共和國勞動法》《中華人民共和國勞動合同法》《中華人民共和國教育法》《中華人民共和國職業教育法》《中華人民共和國反恐怖主義法》《中華人民共和國治安管理處罰法》和《新疆維吾爾自治區去極端化條例》《新疆維吾爾自治區實施〈中華人民共和國反恐怖主義法〉辦法》《新疆維吾爾自治區宗教事務條例》等法律法規。通過學習，使學員增強對公民權利義務的認識，建立平等享有權利、履行公民義務的觀念，自覺遵守國家憲法法律，按照憲法法律賦予的權利和義務行事。To remedy a lack of understanding of the law, the education and training centers present legal courses, which is taken as the key link to strengthen national, civic and legal awareness. Judges, procurators and lawyers are invited to give lectures on laws and regulations, including the Constitution, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Regional Ethnic Autonomy, Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China, General Provisions of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, Marriage Law of the People’s Republic of China, Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Women’s Rights and Interests, Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Minors, Labor Law of the People’s Republic of China, Labor Contract Law of the People’s Republic of China, Education Law of the People’s Republic of China, Vocational Education Law of the People’s Republic of China, Counter-terrorism Law of the People’s Republic of China, Public Security Administration Punishments Law of the People’s Republic of China, Regulations of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on Deradicalization, Measures of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on Implementing the Counter-terrorism Law of the People’s Republic of China, and Regulations of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on Religious Affairs. Through their studies, the trainees have developed a better understanding of their civil rights and obligations, a realization that they have the same entitlement to these rights and obligations as others, and an acceptance that they must abide by the Constitution and laws and act in accordance with the rights and obligations they confer.
針對學員缺乏職業技能、就業困難的問題，開展職業技能培訓。教培中心將學習職業技能作爲提升學員就業能力的重要途徑，根據當地需求和就業條件，設置服裝鞋帽加工、食品加工、電子産品組裝、排版印刷、美容美發、電子商務、汽車維修、建築裝飾、畜牧養殖、果樹栽培、保健推拿、家政服務、手工藝品制作、插花、地毯編織、繪畫、樂器演奏、舞蹈演藝等培訓課程，對其中有願望有條件的學員進行多技能培訓，確保學員結業後能夠較爲熟練地掌握1－2門職業技能。教培中心注重將課程學習與實訓操作相結合，提高學員實際操作能力。實訓操作是實踐教學，不是在工廠務工，不是在企業就業，更不是強制勞動。
To remedy lack of occupational skills and employment difficulties, vocational skills training programs are provided. The education and training centers regard vocational skills as an important channel to improve the trainees’ employability. Based on local demand and employment opportunities, the courses they present include garment making, food processing, assembly of electronic products, typesetting and printing, hairdressing and beauty services, e-commerce, auto maintenance and repair, interior design and decoration, livestock breeding, pomiculture, therapeutic massage, household services, handicrafts, flower arrangement, rug weaving, painting, and the performing arts such as music and dance. Eligible trainees who are willing to learn are offered training in more than one skill to ensure they are employable in the jobs market upon completing their study at the centers. The education and training centers combine course learning with practical training to improve the trainees’ operational skills. Practical training is conducted in classes rather than through employment in factories or enterprises, or obligatory labor.
針對學員不同程度地受宗教極端主義影響和控制的問題，教培中心將去極端化貫穿全過程。通過分階段學習法律法規、民族宗教政策和宗教知識，揭露恐怖主義、宗教極端主義的危害，使學員全面准確了解國家宗教信仰自由政策，深刻認識到什麽是合法宗教活動、什麽是非法宗教活動、什麽是宗教極端主義，真正明白宗教極端主義完全違背了宗教教義，努力使學員認清恐怖主義、宗教極端主義的罪惡本質和嚴重危害，擺脫其影響和控制。教育培訓從不幹預學員信仰自由，從未進行改變學員宗教信仰的教學活動。
As trainees have fallen under the influence and control of religious extremism to a greater or lesser extent, the centers integrate deradicalization into the whole process of education and training. Through step-by-step teaching of laws and regulations, policies on ethnic and religious affairs, and religious knowledge, and by exposing the damage caused by terrorism and religious extremism, the centers give trainees a full and accurate understanding of the national policy of freedom of religious belief. In order to rehabilitate the trainees, these courses teach the trainees to distinguish between lawful and unlawful religious activities, understand how religious extremism runs counter to religious doctrine, and realize the evil nature and serious harm of terrorism and religious extremism so that they can eventually break free from the influence and control of terrorism and religious extremism. Education and training at the centers never interferes in the trainees’ freedom of religious belief and the centers have never made any attempts to have the trainees change their religious beliefs.
四、學員的基本權利得到保障
IV. Protection of Trainees’ Basic Rights
尊重和保障人權，是中國憲法規定的基本原則，並在中國的各項法律制度和中國政府開展的各項工作中得到充分體現。新疆開展教培工作，是政府依法采取的一項社會治理措施，旨在保障人民生命安全，保障公民基本權利不受侵犯。在開展教培工作過程中，教培中心嚴格貫徹落實憲法和法律規定，保障參與培訓學員的基本權利不受侵犯。
It is a basic principle, enshrined in the Constitution of China, prescribed by its laws, and demonstrated by the efforts of the Chinese government, to respect and protect human rights. The education and training in Xinjiang is a social governance measure taken by the government, in accordance with the law, to protect the lives and basic civil rights of citizens. In organizing the training programs, the education and training centers strictly follow the provisions of the Constitution and the law to prevent any violation of the basic rights of trainees.
教培工作根本不是什麽限制、剝奪人身自由的措施，而是依法采取的幫助學員擺脫恐怖主義、宗教極端主義束縛的重要措施，是實現人的思想解放、素質提升和更好發展之舉。
Education and training is not a measure to limit or circumscribe the freedom of the person. Rather it is an important measure to help trainees to break free from ideas of terrorism and religious extremism. It is an attempt to help the trainees to emancipate their minds, improve themselves and their future prospects.
中國法律明文禁止任何基于地域、民族、宗教等理由的歧視性做法，這一規定在新疆得到了切實執行。教培中心確定教育挽救對象的唯一標准是是否有過恐怖主義、宗教極端主義違法或犯罪行爲，與其所在的地區、所屬的民族和所信仰的宗教毫無關系。
The law of China prohibits any discrimination based on region, ethnicity, religion and other grounds. This is implemented strictly in Xinjiang. The only criterion for education at the centers is whether the trainee has been convicted of unlawful or criminal acts involving terrorism and religious extremism. It has nothing to do with their region, ethnicity or religion.
學員在教培中心學習過程中的人身自由得到依法保障。教培中心充分保障學員的人格尊嚴不受侵犯，嚴禁以任何方式對學員進行人格侮辱和虐待。教培中心實行寄宿制管理，學員可定期回家，有事請假，學員有通信自由。
The personal freedom of trainees at the education and training centers is protected in accordance with the law. The centers guarantee that trainees’ personal dignity is inviolable, and prevent any insult or abuse in any manner. They employ a residential education model which allows trainees to go back home on a regular basis and ask for leave to attend personal affairs. The trainees also enjoy the freedom of correspondence.
在教培中心，各民族的風俗習慣和使用本民族語言文字的權利都得到充分保障。教培中心各項規章制度、課程表、食譜等均使用國家通用語言文字和當地少數民族語言文字。教培中心充分尊重和保障不同民族學員的風俗習慣，免費提供種類繁多、營養豐富的清真飲食。
The customs of all ethnic groups and the right to use their spoken and written languages are fully protected at the centers. The regulations, curriculum, and menus at the centers all use local ethnic languages as well as standard Chinese. The customs of all ethnic groups are fully respected and protected, and a variety of nutritious Muslim food is provided free of charge.
教培中心尊重學員的宗教信仰自由。《宗教事務條例》規定，禁止在宗教院校以外的學校及其他教育機構傳教、舉行宗教活動、成立宗教組織、設立宗教活動場所。教培中心在管理上實行教育與宗教相分離，學員不得在校內組織、參加宗教活動，但信教學員回家時可以自主決定是否參與合法宗教活動。
The education and training centers respect the trainees’ freedom of religious belief. The Regulations on Religious Affairs prohibit preaching religion, holding religious activities, establishing religious organizations, and setting up religious activity sites in schools and educational institutions other than religious institutions. The centers practice separation of education and religion in management, which means trainees should not organize or take part in religious activities there, but they can decide on their own whether to do so on a legal basis when they get home.
教培中心配備雙語教師、輔導員、醫生和後勤服務管理人員等，保障學員正常學習生活。教培中心生活設施齊全，室內冬天有暖氣、夏天有空調或風扇，宿舍有電視，浴室免費對學員開放。設置醫療室，每天24小時免費向學員提供醫療服務，小病可在醫務室就診治療，重症急症可快速送醫院救治。
The education and training centers employ bilingual teachers, instructors, doctors and logistics and managerial staff to ensure that the trainees can study and lead a normal life. They have well-equipped facilities – central heating in winter, air conditioners and electric fans in summer, TVs in the dormitory, and bathrooms. They also have free 24-hour medical facilities available to trainees, capable of treating minor ailments. In the case of major and acute illnesses, trainees will be sent to hospital.
教培中心充分尊重學員各方面精神文化生活需求，有室內外體育文化活動場所，經常舉辦豐富多彩的文體娛樂活動。設置圖書閱覽室，方便學員讀書學習。設置法律咨詢室，幫助學員及時解決法律層面的困難和疑問。設置心理咨詢室，提供心理咨詢服務，關心學員心理健康。所有學員均享受養老、醫療等社會保險，免費參加全民健康體檢。
The education and training centers fully respect the spiritual and cultural needs of trainees. A wealth of regular recreational activities are held at their indoor and outdoor sports and cultural venues. They have reading rooms for trainees to read and study, legal counseling rooms to address their problems and difficulties concerning legal affairs, and mental counseling rooms to provide relevant services and care for their mental health. All trainees are included in public pension and medical insurance schemes, and are entitled to free health examination.
爲解除教培學員的後顧之憂，新疆各級政府對教培學員家庭平等落實社會保障、教育醫療、脫貧攻堅等各項優惠政策，幫助學員親屬解決生産、生活、就業、就學、就醫等方面的實際困難，增強了學員參加學習培訓的動力。
In order to relieve them of family worries, the authorities at all levels of Xinjiang treat trainees’ families on an equal footing in terms of preferential policies in social security, education, medical service, and poverty elimination, and help their families and relatives to address problems in work, daily life, employment, education and medical services, thus allowing them to focus more attention on their education and training.
五、教育培訓工作取得顯著成效
V. Remarkable Results in Education and Training
新疆開展教培工作，最大限度挽救了有恐怖主義、極端主義違法或犯罪行爲的人員，最大限度消除了滋生恐怖主義、宗教極端主義的土壤和條件，最大限度保障了公民的基本權利免受恐怖主義、宗教極端主義的侵害，取得了良好效果。參加教育培訓的人數是動態的，有進有出。隨著教培工作的有效展開和推進，大多數學員已達到培訓要求順利結業。Education and training in Xinjiang has succeeded to an enormous extent in eliminating the soil and conditions in which terrorism and religious extremism breed, rehabilitating those who have committed unlawful or criminal acts, and protected basic civil rights. The number of people participating in education and training at the centers is not fixed; some are coming in while others are going out. However, as education and training has played its role, most trainees have reached the required standards and graduated.
——學員的綜合素質得到提升。學員法治意識得到提高，普遍認識到作爲國家公民必須遵守國家憲法和法律。學員使用國家通用語言文字的能力得到提高。許多學員以前不具備使用國家通用語言文字的能力，結業時初步實現能聽懂、能交流、能閱讀、能書寫。學員通過學習職業技能知識，大多數掌握了一定的實用技能，就業能力得到提高。已有多批次學員達到標准從教培中心結業，有的在工廠或其他企業就業，有的自主創業，還有一些爲了不斷提升自我，到中職、高職等院校繼續深造學習。
– The comprehensive quality of trainees has improved. Their understanding of the rule of law has risen, and there is a general recognition that citizens must abide by the Constitution and other laws of the country. The ability of trainees to speak and write in standard Chinese has improved. Many trainees begin the course unable to use the national common language, but by the time they have completed their studies at the centers they are able to understand, communicate, read and write in Chinese. Through vocational skills training and study, most of them have mastered practical skills and their employability has increased. Many of the trainees who have completed their studies in education and training centers have gone on to find employment in factories or enterprises. Some have started their own businesses, and some have continued their studies in secondary and higher vocational schools in order to improve their prospects further.
——宗教極端主義有效祛除。通過學習，絕大多數學員都能夠認清恐怖主義、宗教極端主義的本質和危害，擺脫了恐怖主義、宗教極端主義的精神控制。學員的國家意識、公民意識、法治意識明顯增強，辨別是非能力明顯提高。大多數學員能夠認清宗教極端主義不是宗教，抵禦宗教極端主義滲透的能力明顯增強。
– Religious extremism has been effectively eliminated. Through education, the vast majority of trainees can recognize the nature and harm of terrorism and religious extremism, and free themselves from the control these phenomena exert over their minds. The trainees have a much better awareness of the interests of the nation, their civic duties, and the rule of law, and their ability to distinguish between right and wrong has significantly improved. Most of the trainees are able to recognize that religious extremism is a perversion of their religion, and their ability to resist its penetration has notably increased.
——社會風氣明顯好轉。在學員的學習生活過程中，教培中心注重引導學員轉變觀念，提倡各民族相互尊重風俗習慣，在衣食住行、婚喪嫁娶、禮儀風俗等方面順應現代社會發展要求，並大力傳播現代文明理念，使學員擺脫陳規陋習束縛。在教培工作的積極影響下，新疆社會風氣明顯好轉，正氣上升，邪氣下降，宗教極端主義的傳播受到自覺抵制，追求現代科學技術知識、文明生活風尚的社會氛圍日漸濃厚。
– The social atmosphere has taken a marked turn for the better. In the course of the trainees’ studies and daily life, the education and training centers carefully guide them to change their mentalities, and promote mutual respect for folkways among all ethnic groups while encouraging adaptation to the requirements of modern society in terms of food, clothing, housing, transport, weddings, funerals, etiquette and customs. The centers also vigorously spread the concept of modern civilization, so that trainees can divest themselves of outdated conventions and customs. Thanks to these efforts, Xinjiang has witnessed a marked change in the social environment in recent years. A healthy atmosphere is spreading, while evil influences are declining. Citizens now consciously resist religious extremism, and the trend in society is now to pursue knowledge of modern science and technology and a cultured way of life.
——社會大局持續穩定。開展教培工作以來，新疆已連續近3年未發生暴力恐怖案（事）件，宗教極端主義滲透得到有效遏制，社會治安狀況明顯好轉，民族平等團結，宗教和睦和順，人民生活安定祥和。據統計，2018年，新疆旅遊業大幅增長，共接待境內外遊客超過1.5億人次，同比增長40%；其中境外遊客262.6萬人次，同比增長11.83%。2019年1月至6月，新疆接待境內外遊客7589.35萬人次，同比增長46%。
– The overall situation in society continues to be stable. No terrorist incidents have occurred in Xinjiang for nearly three years since the education and training started. As the infiltration of religious extremism has been curbed, public order and security have returned to society, where equality, solidarity and harmony among ethnic groups and religions have prevailed, and people are enjoying peace and stability. In 2018, tourism in Xinjiang grew rapidly: Tourists from inside and outside China totaled over 150 million, a year-on-year increase of 40 percent; foreign tourists numbered 2.6 million, a year-on-year increase of nearly 12 percent. From January to June 2019, nearly 76 million tourists visited Xinjiang, an increase of 46 percent over the same period in 2018.
——各族人民普遍支持。通過教育培訓，學員們認清了恐怖主義、宗教極端主義的本質和危害，感謝教育培訓使他們“在走向恐怖犯罪的路上回了頭”“解除了宗教極端主義的精神枷鎖”。教培工作有力維護了新疆社會安定和諧，最大限度地保障了各族人民的基本人權，得到了各族人民的擁護。許多人切身感受到，新疆今天的大好局面來之不易，沒有教培工作就沒有今天的安穩日子。
– Education and training has won general support. The trainees gain a thorough understanding of the true nature and perils of terrorism and religious extremism. They thank education and training for turning them back from the way to terrorist crimes and helping them break free from the spiritual shackles of religious extremism. Education and training has effectively safeguarded social stability and harmony in Xinjiang, protected the basic human rights of citizens to the maximum extent, and won the support of all ethnic groups. The personal feeling of many people is that the positive developments in Xinjiang have been hard won, and without education and training there would have been little peace and tranquility today.
——國際社會積極評價。新疆的教培工作引起了國際社會的普遍關注。2018年12月底以來，一些國家駐華使節、聯合國官員、有關國家常駐日內瓦主要外交官，以及一些國家政黨、社會組織、媒體記者和宗教團體等40多批（團、組）、近千人到新疆參觀訪問。百聞不如一見。通過實地參觀訪問，許多人認清了真相，理解了新疆開展教培工作的緊迫性、必要性、合法性、合理性。他們紛紛表示，受宗教極端主義影響，新疆的暴恐活動慘無人道、令人憤慨，教培工作挽救了那些受恐怖主義、宗教極端主義控制的學員，新疆的教培工作爲國際社會反恐、去極端化鬥爭作出了重要貢獻，積累了寶貴經驗，很有借鑒價值。伊斯蘭合作組織外長理事會第46次會議通過決議，贊賞中國爲關懷本國穆斯林所作的努力。
– The international community has made positive comments on Xinjiang’s efforts. Education and training has aroused the general interest of the international community. Since the end of December 2018, nearly 1,000 people have visited Xinjiang. They include foreign diplomatic envoys to China, UN officials, Geneva-based senior diplomats of various countries, as well as more than 40 groups (or delegations) of people from political parties, civil society organizations, news media, and religious organizations of various countries. Through field trips, many have realized the truth and understood the urgency, necessity, legitimacy and rationality of carrying out education and training. They have all recognized that violent and inhumane terrorist activities in the autonomous region, provoked by religious extremism, were causing outrage. Through rehabilitating trainees poisoned by terrorist and religious extremist ideas, education and training has made an important contribution to international efforts to fight terrorism and extremism, and generated valuable experience that is of great reference value. At its 46th session, the Council of Foreign Ministers of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation adopted a resolution commending China’s efforts in providing care to its Muslim citizens.
一些實地采訪過新疆教培中心的外國媒體記者，紛紛發表報道文章，客觀介紹教培中心的真實情況，對新疆開展教培工作表示理解、肯定和支持。
A number of foreign journalists who have conducted interviews in the education and training centers have published stories that reflect the true role of the centers and express their understanding, approval and support for the education and training programs in Xinjiang.
2019年5月15日，沙特《利雅得報》記者在題爲《新疆——中國“一帶一路”的門戶》的報道中說：“中國尊重少數民族以及他們的宗教信仰。”“爲尊重和照顧少數民族的飲食、衣著、節日、婚嫁和葬禮等習俗，中國各級政府和有關部門制定了一系列政策和法規。”“在新疆，各民族都有保持或改變自己生活習俗的權利，這是中國的一貫政策。”
“China respects ethnic minorities and their religious beliefs,” says a report in Saudi Arabia’s newspaper Al Riyadh entitled “Xinjiang: Gateway to China on the Belt and Road” published on May 15, 2019. “The Chinese government at all levels and its departments have formulated a series of policies and regulations to respect and accommodate the dietary habits, clothing, festivals, weddings and funerals of ethnic minorities.” “In Xinjiang, all ethnic groups have the right to maintain or change their own lifestyles or customs, which is China’s consistent policy.”
2019年5月15日，埃及《金字塔晚報》記者在題爲《中國利用培訓和再教育方式應對極端主義》的報道中說：“世界各國根據實際情況，采取了多種預防性措施應對恐怖主義和極端思想，其中中國政府在新疆維吾爾自治區采取的應對極端思想的措施可以提供有益經驗。”“新疆設立教培中心是爲培訓那些受恐怖組織極端思想影響的年輕人，爲他們提供機會重新融入社會並走上正軌，遠離恐怖主義的魔爪。”土耳其DHA表示，教培中心爲學員提供人性化管理和服務，中心沒有虐待行爲和限制人身自由，學員學習、生活都很愉快。訪問期間的所見所感同美西方宣傳的負面內容大相徑庭，深感其雙重標准之野蠻無理。
On May 15, 2019, Egypt’s Al-Ahram Al-Masa’ynewspaper published an article entitled “China Uses Training and Re-education to Deal with Extremism”. It states: “Countries around the world adopt a variety of preventive measures against terrorism and extremism in accordance with their actual conditions. The measures taken against extremist ideas by the Chinese government in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region can provide useful experience… Xinjiang has set up education and training centers to train young people influenced by the extremist ideas of terrorist organizations, to provide them with the opportunity to reintegrate into society, get back on track, and steer clear of the claws of terrorism.” anagement and services for the trainees. There is no maltreatment or restrictions on personal freedom. The trainees are happy to study and live there. What I saw and felt during the visit was very different from the negative propaganda of the US and other Western countries, and I felt their double standards simply rude and unreasonable.”
美國《國際聚焦》雜志2019年5月號刊發《中國新疆維吾爾自治區之旅》一文，指出，喀什職業技能教育培訓中心秩序井然，許多年輕人以前是極端思想的受害者，如今在學習職業技能，有人在教他們更好的謀生手段。他們吃得好，生活條件也好。記者同其中幾個人交流，他們受到良好對待，看上去很快樂。有人或許認爲這些年輕人受到脅迫，但快樂是裝不出來的。
US magazine International Focus published Val Thompson’s “A Journey to the Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, China” in its May 2019 issue: “A visit to Kashgar Vocation Skills Educational and Training Center, which I found well organized with young people, was mostly of the UYGHUR ethnicity. The young people, men and women, were, or could be, victims of extremist teaching, now were learning a vocational skill and being taught a better way of life… They were well fed, and they had good sleeping conditions… I interviewed several of them; they seemed very happy; and they were treated well by their supervisors. For those who want to believe these young people may have been coerced, I say you can’t fake happiness; and happiness is exactly what I saw.”
2019年7月5日，新加坡《海峽時報》刊登《新疆職業技能教育培訓中心裏的故事》一文，生動介紹了新疆教培中心的真實情況以及多位學員培訓前後的轉變。文章寫道，毋庸置疑，從去極端化和國家治理的角度，新疆教培中心的做法是富有成效的。記者在與學員的接觸中了解到，許多學員都有過被從智能手機下載的極端視頻和宣傳書籍激進化的經曆。培訓中心的氣氛就像是一所寄宿學校。記者看到政府爲貧困民衆建造房屋，當地集市繁榮，民衆可以獲得各種醫療服務，盡享民族歌舞表演。中國政府不僅沒有壓制當地文化，而且還在獨生子女政策等方面給予新疆維吾爾族和其他少數民族許多特殊政策。
On July 5, 2019, The Straits Times of Singapore published an article entitled “Inside Those Uighur Re-education Camps” written by Ravi Velloor, associate editor of the newspaper. The article gives a vivid account of the true situation in Xinjiang’s education and training centers and explains how a number of trainees have changed. “From an administrative point of view, the measures have been effective without question,” says the article. Velloor learned from his contact with the trainees that many of them “had undergone a measure of self-radicalisation after downloading extremist videos from the Internet on their smartphones”. Velloor felt that the training centers “had the air of a boarding school”. “In the housing blocks being built for the poorer sections, in the hospitals where people can access medical services, including moxibustion, in the thriving bazaars where the locals ply their trade, and in the cities of Xinjiang where people enjoy ethnic song and dance performances”, he was impressed that the Chinese government was not suppressing local culture and that the Uygurs and many other minorities were never subject to the one-child policy.
六、探索出去極端化的有益經驗
VI. Experience in Countering Extremism
多年來，爲應對恐怖主義、極端主義的威脅，消除恐怖主義、極端主義滋生蔓延的土壤和條件，維護人民生命安全和社會穩定，世界上一些國家堅持從本國實際出發，積極探索反恐、去極端化有效辦法，並積累了有益經驗。
Over the years, in response to the threats posed by terrorism and extremism, and in order to prevent them from breeding and expanding, and to guarantee individual safety and social stability, many countries have explored measures based on their own conditions, and gained experience in effectively combating terrorism and extremism.
有的國家設立“去極端化中心”，對受過極端主義感染的群體進行一段時間的教育轉化，通過個體或集體體育活動、心理輔導，穿插對宗教現實和世俗主義的討論等，使學員獲得心理恢複，並通過技能和職業培訓使學員重新融入社會。有的國家設立“教育轉化中心”，把極端分子分爲自首者、潛在者、犯罪者三類，依托家庭、社區，並配合精神幹預治療、經濟幫扶等措施，進行去極端化改造。有的國家在監獄和社區兩個層面對恐怖分子及高危群體進行教育轉化，通過甄別、康複、再教育、回歸社會、評估等辦法，對涉恐罪犯進行去極端化改造。有的國家譴責極端分子對伊斯蘭教義的錯誤解釋，鼓勵宗教包容，提出回歸“溫和伊斯蘭”，並設立教化中心，通過集中管控和回歸社會兩個階段對受極端主義影響的人員進行教育轉化。有的國家通過啓動“轉化和脫離”項目，強制要求曾涉恐人員和返國恐怖嫌犯必須參加培訓，並在全國設立隔離中心，用于拘押極端分子，以防止其在監獄感染其他在押人員。有的國家在社區采取相關措施，對受極端主義影響的人員進行早期幹預，並采取社會動員的方式及早發現並制止年輕人加入極端組織的企圖，防止發生恐怖主義和極端主義行爲。
extremist teachings and reverse their thinking. These centers rehabilitate the trainees through individual or collective sports activities and psychological counseling, and discussions on religion and secularity, and enable them to re-assimilate into society through skills and vocational training.
•Some countries have set up education and transformation centers. They divide extremists into three categories: those who recognize their error, latent criminals, and active criminals, and try to remove them from extremist influences with the assistance of their families and communities, together with measures like psychological intervention and economic aid.
•Some countries educate and transform terrorists and potential terrorists in both prisons and communities, and deradicalize those involved in terrorist-related offences through the process of identification, assessment, rehabilitation, reeducation, return to society and follow-up.
•Some countries denounce the erroneous interpretation of Islamic doctrine by extremists, encourage religious inclusiveness, advocate “moderate Islam”, and set up education centers to transform those influenced by extremist thinking in two phases – centralized control and return to society.
•Some countries have launched transformation and disengagement programs, compelling individuals with terrorist connections and suspected terrorist returnees to participate in training, and setting up isolation centers for extremists to prevent them from spreading extreme views to other detainees.
•Some countries have taken measures in communities to intervene in the spread of extremism at its earliest stages, and mobilized society to prevent terrorist and extremist activities by taking timely action against any inclination on the part of young people to join extremist organizations.
新疆通過設立教培中心，開展教培工作，對受恐怖主義、宗教極端主義影響的人進行教育挽救，與世界上一些國家和地區的做法是相通的，目的都是爲了防微杜漸、治病救人，最大限度保障公民的基本人權免受恐怖主義、極端主義侵害。Xinjiang’s practice of educating and rehabilitating the victims of terrorist and religious extremist teachings through vocational education and training centers is similar to efforts by other countries and regions, with the same goals of dealing with the problem at source and protecting people’s basic human rights.
新疆開展教培工作，取得了顯著成效，爲國際社會開展反恐、去極端化探索出了有益經驗。
Xinjiang’s vocational education and training programs have achieved notable results, and contributed experience to international actions against terrorism and extremism.
——堅持因地制宜去極端化。新疆開展教培工作，既積極借鑒國際社會反恐、去極端化經驗，又堅持從區情和面臨的具體反恐、去極端化形勢出發，有針對性地開展工作，力求取得實際效果。新疆緊密結合反恐、去極端化鬥爭實際，充分借鑒國際社會反恐和去極端化經驗，對受恐怖主義、宗教極端主義影響的人有針對性地開展國家通用語言文字、法律知識、職業技能教育培訓，祛除極端化思想，取得了社會公認的實際效果，有力維護了新疆的社會穩定，也有效維護了宗教健康發展的環境。
– Fighting extremism in accordance with local conditions. In its vocational education and training, Xinjiang has learned from experience of other countries, and striven to achieve real results in line with the actual conditions of the autonomous region. In countering terrorism and extremism, Xinjiang draws on the experience of other countries, and provides people influenced by terrorist and religious extremist teachings with education in standard spoken and written Chinese, an understanding of the law, and training in vocational skills. These efforts have eradicated extremist thoughts, delivered widely recognized results, helped to safeguard social stability in the region, and protected the environment for the healthy development of religions.
——堅持打防結合、預防爲主。堅持標本兼治方針，一手抓打擊，對恐怖主義、極端主義保持高壓態勢；一手抓預防，以教育挽救爲主。通過開展教培工作，對多數受恐怖主義、宗教極端主義影響但罪行較輕的人，進行教育挽救保護，用拉的方式而不是推的方式，用挽救的方式而不是嚴懲的方式，用關愛的方式而不是嫌棄的方式，進行幫教，使其擺脫宗教極端主義的束縛，能夠知法守法，能夠掌握國家通用語言文字，並具備一定的知識文化和勞動技能，成爲對社會有用的人，實現人生價值。
– Putting prevention first while taking firm action on terrorism and extremism. In its fight against terrorism and extremism, Xinjiang has consistently adopted the policy of addressing both the symptoms and root causes. On the one hand, Xinjiang strikes hard at terrorist and extremist forces, and on the other hand, it gives prevention a high priority, sparing no effort to educate and rehabilitate the large number of people who have committed only minor offences under the influence of terrorism and religious extremism. Xinjiang adopts an approach of rehabilitation rather than punishment and compassion rather than rejection to free them of religious extremist thinking. It teaches them laws and standard spoken and written Chinese, so that they can become educated individuals with vocational skills – useful individuals and individuals of value to society.
——堅持弘揚法治精神。依法治國、建設社會主義法治國家，是建設中國特色社會主義的本質要求。新疆開展教培工作，消除恐怖主義、宗教極端主義滋生土壤和環境，始終高舉法治旗幟，堅決維護憲法和法律權威，堅持運用法治思維和法治方式處理問題，使各項工作始終在法治軌道上進行。教培中心的去極端化工作，始終堅持以事實爲根據，以法律爲准繩，堅持不與特定地域、民族、宗教挂鈎。
– Promoting the rule of law. It is an essential requirement of developing socialism with Chinese characteristics to build a socialist country governed by the rule of law. In the process of promoting vocational education and training and eliminating the environment for breeding terrorism and religious extremism, Xinjiang promotes the rule of law, upholds the authority of the Constitution and laws, adopts appropriate legal thinking and measures to deal with problems, and confines all its efforts within the legal framework. The deradicalization work of the vocational education and training centers is always based on facts and laws, without targeting any specific region, ethnic group or religion.
——堅持尊重和保障人權。開展教培工作，既保障了各族人民的基本人權免受侵害，又最大限度地挽救了受宗教極端主義影響的有違法犯罪行爲人員。教培中心堅持以人爲本，依法實行規範化、學校化管理，提供人性化服務，嚴禁以任何方式對學員進行人格侮辱和虐待，保障學員的人身自由。教培中心爲學員提供優質的教學資源和多樣化的技能培訓，最大限度保障學員享有受教育權利。
– Respecting and protecting human rights. The vocational education and training efforts in Xinjiang protect people’s basic human rights, and at the same time rehabilitate as far as possible those who have committed unlawful or criminal offences under the influence of religious extremist teachings. The centers place the trainees first, manage them in line with regulations like schools, provide people-centered services, strictly prohibit any form of humiliation or mistreatment, and guarantee their personal freedom. In the centers, the trainees receive high-quality education and training in diverse skills, and their right to education is fully safeguarded.
——堅持政府擔當有爲。保障人民生命權、健康權、財産權，使人民各項基本權利免受侵犯，在安定祥和的社會環境中生活，是一個負責任的政府義不容辭的責任。新疆各級政府，本著對人民高度負責的態度，對受恐怖主義、宗教極端主義影響的人，進行教育挽救，做了大量耐心細致的工作，付出了難以想象的艱辛。教培工作的成功開展，伸張了社會正義，維護了人的尊嚴，樹立了政府良好形象。
– The government must take on the responsibility and achieve tangible results. It is the bounden duty of a responsible government to protect its people’s lives, health, property, and other basic rights, and provide a safe, stable and harmonious living environment. Governments at all levels in Xinjiang, bearing their responsibility to the people in mind, are engaged in a host of patient, careful and extremely hard efforts to educate and rehabilitate victims of terrorist and religious extremist teachings. Success in vocational education and training promotes justice, safeguards people’s dignity and presents a positive image of government.
結束語
Conclusion
實踐證明，新疆開展教培工作，有效消除了恐怖主義、宗教極端主義滋生蔓延的土壤和條件，切實保障了新疆各族人民的生命權、健康權和發展權，不僅使新疆實現了社會穩定，也有力維護了地區安全和穩定。這一做法完全符合國際社會反恐、去極端化的基本精神和基本原則，完全符合世界各國人民的根本利益和要求。
Practice has proved that vocational education and training in Xinjiang can effectively eradicate the conditions that enable terrorism and religious extremism to breed and spread; it can protect the rights to life, health and development of the various ethnic groups of the region. It ensures social stability in Xinjiang and regional security and stability. The practice conforms to the basic principles of international efforts in countering terrorism and extremism, and accords with the fundamental interests and needs of the peoples all around the world.
新疆開展教培工作，目的在于從源頭上消滅恐怖主義、宗教極端主義，完全是尊重和保障人權之舉。國際上一些別有用心的人，出于意識形態的偏見和不可告人的目的，以各種方式對新疆教培中心進行汙名化，企圖否定新疆爲反恐、去極端化付出的巨大努力，這是新疆各族人民絕不能答應的。國際上有的國家、組織或個人在反恐、去極端化問題上搞“雙重標准”，說到底是對恐怖主義、極端主義的袒護、縱容，嚴重違背了國際道義和人類良知，爲一切善良和正義的人們所不齒。
The goal of Xinjiang’s efforts in vocational education and training is to eliminate the sources of terrorism and religious extremism. This is an action that aims to respect and protect human rights. Some people, for reasons of ideological prejudice or other ulterior motives, are doing all they can to blacken the reputation of Xinjiang’s vocational education and training centers. Their censure of Xinjiang’s huge effort in countering terrorism and extremism will be firmly rejected by the Xinjiang people. A number of countries, organizations and individuals apply double standards in their approach to terrorism and extremism, which will in effect shield and incite terrorism and extremism. Such acts go against international morality and human conscience, and are scorned by all just people of goodwill.
面對恐怖主義、極端主義對人類的嚴重戕害，面對反恐、去極端化這一世界性難題，新疆各級政府以高度負責任的態度，積極借鑒國際經驗和做法，通過開展教培等工作，取得了反恐、去極端化鬥爭的重要階段性勝利，新疆的做法理應得到國際社會的理解和尊重。
Terrorism and extremism have caused widespread human suffering, posing an intractable challenge to the whole world. Assuming the responsibility of responding to this great challenge, governments at all levels in Xinjiang have learned from the experience and practices of other countries and initiated their own efforts. Through measures such as vocational education and training it has achieved important victories in countering terrorism and extremism. This deserves the understanding and respect of the international community.
新疆的反恐、去極端化鬥爭，仍有可以不斷完善的地方，仍有許多工作要做。新疆將堅持從本地實際出發，繼續遵循《聯合國全球反恐戰略》（60/288）和《防止暴力極端主義行動計劃》（70/674）等文件精神，堅持打防結合、預防爲主的原則，不斷完善教培工作，爲保障新疆各族人民的各項基本權利，實現新疆社會穩定和長治久安，作出不懈努力。
Xinjiang still has much to do in the fight against terrorism and extremism, and improvements can be made in this regard. In the context of local conditions, and complying with the spirit of documents such as the UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy and the UN Plan of Action to Prevent Violent Extremism, Xinjiang will put prevention first while taking resolute action against terrorism and extremism. We will make unremitting efforts to improve vocational education and training, protect the people’s basic rights, and ensure long-term social stability and security in Xinjiang.
來源：新華網